-
Triangle Trade
Triangle Trade was the circulation of raw materials from colonies to Europe, manufactured goods from Europe to the colonies and slaves from Africa to Europe and the colonies. This started around the 1600s and continued on for decades. -
Jamestown
Jamestown is the first permanent English settlement in the New World. This colony encountered many problems such as the starving time and had a very high death rate and eventually it became a royal colony. -
Mayflower Compact
After the pilgrim migration this was created to lay the groundwork of government. It established a direct democracy and the "rights of Englishmen" -
MA Bay colony
After the persecution of many puritans so many migrate and form this colony. Established a Bible commonwealth government -
Rhode Island
Founded by Roger Williams who was kicked out of MA bay colony for wanting separation of church and state. -
Shift to Slavery
Originally colonists had indentured servants but around this time they switched to Slavery because it was cheaper and easier and there was an increase in the Slave trade. -
The Holy experiment
In the Pennsylvania colony they attempted trying to have religious freedom -
Metacoms War
This was a conflict between the Native Americans and colonists over the land and whose it was. The colonists win with colonial unity. -
Bacon's Rebellion
Bacon complained that people on the frontier were being pushed further and further inland so they were having more run ins with Natives. Parts of Jamestown were burned and colonial government began to pay more attention to the frontier. -
Period: to
The Great Awakening
This was a religious movement were religion became more important. The idea of Old lights versus New lights came about, questioning of authority, more diversity and the importance of the common man. -
Period: to
The French and Indian war
This was a war in the colonies between the British and colonists against the French. The colonists and British win and both believe they are the reason that the war was won marking the end of Salutary Neglect in 1763. -
Proclamation of 1763
This was created my parliament for the colonists prohibiting settlement West of the Appalachians. The colonists ignored this because they believed it was temporary. -
Period: to
Taxation without representation
This is shown in the form of the Sugar Act, Currency Act, Stamp Act and many more. These were all taxes to pay off war debt on the colonists who had no say on the matter. -
Stamp Act Congress
This was an organization that emphasized that the colonists had the right to tax themselves and eventually got the stamp act repealed. -
Boston Tea Party
The sons of liberty dressed as Native Americans and threw tea into the harbor. This was to show off to the other colonies and provoke Britain with violent action. -
Common Sense
Written by Thomas Paine, Common Sense brought many people to the side of the Revolution. -
Declaration of Independence ratified
This document was a resolution of independence created for the colonies by Richard Henry Lee. -
Articles of Confederation
This was the first attempt at a governing documents for the colonies. These however had many flaws such as limited national government power and needed high majorities to pass legislation. -
Treaty of Paris
The Revolutionary war ended with the Treaty of Paris which said the colonies are free and they set the Western boundary as the Mississippi river. -
Shays Rebellion
This rebellion was in response to the articles of confederation to overthrow the government and request a new one. -
Constitutional Convention
The framers discussed a new form of government for the colonies. They wanted a system of checks and balances and a strong executive. The Great compromise and 3/5 compromise were created here as well. -
Ratification of the constitution
9 out of 13 states were needed to ratify so federalists used tactics such as drugging anti federalists and creating the federalist papers. They also added a bill of rights to get the anti federalists on board. -
Washington becomes president
Washington used the powers granted to him to create a strong executive, to establish an independent cabinet and to establish a two term precedent. -
Period: to
Second Great Awakening
This movement was tied to Jacksonian democracy and put emphasis on the common man and personal religious experiences. It lead to the development of Utopian societies and reform movements. -
Creation of the first party system
The first party system was half made up of democratic republicans on Jefferson's side who believed mankind should be left alone, state governments should have the most power and in a strict interpretation of the constitution. The other half was federalists led by Hamilton who believed in a strong federal government, loose interpretation of the constitution and that men should not be left to ourselves. -
Hamilton's Economic Plan
Hamilton's plan allowed for full funding of war debt, assuming of state debts, formation of a National bank, and a protective tariff. The results were creating a stronger national government and encouraging of industry. -
John Adams becomes president
As a federalist Adams believed in a strong executive and that the president should be above party politics. During Adams presidency there was an undeclared Naval War with Britain and France, the XYZ affair and the Alien and Sedition Acts. -
Revolution of 1800
Thomas Jefferson was elected as president in this election marking the shift from Federalist president to a Democratic Republican president. -
Period: to
The Market Revolution
The market revolution included agricultural advances, industrialization, change in labor management relations and transportation advances. -
Louisiana Purchase
The US bought this entire territory for 15 million from France that Lewis and Clark later explored. -
War of 1812
This conflict was between the US and Britain that lead to increased Nationalism, Isolationism and increased respect for the US. -
Hartford Convention
This was a gathering of Federalists who created demands but no change happened leading to the end of the federalists. -
Period: to
Era of Good Feelings
The Era of Good Feelings saw an increase in National pride. -
Westward Expansion
Westward Expansion continued through most of the 1820s and forward. The west had cheap land and the land in the South was worn out. Westward migration led to a shifting power base, Nationalism and many new disputes. -
Missouri Compromise
Makes Missouri a slave state and Maine a free state. It also created the 36 30 line across Louisiana territory making everything above free and everything below slave. -
Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine was created for the US to assert itself as a dominant country in the West by saying no new European colonization in the West. -
Clays American System
This system set up a protective tariff, second bank of the US and internal improvements. -
Period: to
Age of Jackson
Andrew Jackson becoming president marked the rise of the common man and increase in presidential power. Jackson philosophy included use of the veto, a spoils system and that the president was the most powerful. -
Land Policy in the West
This policy was Graduation (price of land will be reduced $.25 per year), Preemption (squatters rights), Donation (federal government gives land to states), distribution and sectionalism -
Period: to
Utopian societies
Utopian societies focused on the perfectibility of men. Groups included Shakers, the Oneida community, Brook farm, New Harmony Indiana and Latter Day Saints. These groups tried ideas such as polygamy, collective property owning, and limiting marriage. -
The Bank war
Nicholas Biddle pushed for an early re charter of the Bank of the US which Jackson vetoed. This led to an increase in inflation, banks/loans and in land speculation. -
Shift from "necessary evil" to "positive good"
After 1831 people pushed slavery as a good thing with arguments using scripture, history, pseudo science and the benefits of them supposedly helping the enslaved people. -
SC attempt at nullification
The tariff of 1832 lowered the tariff to 35% which SC thought would be permanent so SC voted to nullify the tariff but Jackson put in place the force acts which SC voted to nullify the force acts instead. -
Native American Removal
Originally the US wanted Natives to assimilate but this changed to removal as interest in expanding west increased. This came in the form of treaties Native Americans were forced to sign or physical removal like the trail of tears. It lead to many wars such as Black Hawks War and the Seminole War. -
Texas Secession (independence)
Americans moved into Texas but did not follow Mexican rules leading to battles to gain independence. US recognizes independence but does not annex Texas til later. -
David Walker
He wrote the "Appeal to Colored Citizens of the World" which called for enslaved people to engage in open rebellion. -
Manifest Destiny
This was the idea that the US had the god given right to expand across the continent. -
Mexican War
Polk wanted to buy CA from Mexico but when Mexico said no he pushed to start a war. Eventually the US got CA for 18 million which solidified the US as the leading nation in the Western hemisphere. -
Seneca Falls
After being kept out of an abolitionist meeting, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott had their own meeting that included both men and women. They created the declaration of sentiments which said men and women were equal. -
Compromise of 1850
Henry Clay stepped into this with a compromise allowing for CA to come in as a free state, Utah and NM having popular sovereignty, a tougher fugitive slave law, TX getting money to compensate for land loss and end of the Slave trade in DC. -
Uncle Toms Cabin
Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe this book was the story of enslaved peoples lives on plantations. It was very influential in the North but banned in the South. -
Kansas Nebraska War
In Kansas and Nebraska the issue of Slavery would be decided by popular sovereignty which caused many people to move to Kansas to push for their side. After the pro Slavery and anti Slavery constitutions were not approved by congress it became war known as Bleeding Kansas or the Border wars. -
Dred Scott v. Sanford
This validated the Southern claim that enslaved people were property and that there was no such thing as a free or slave state. -
Lincoln/Douglass debates
Lincoln believed that if there was no expansion of slavery than it would die out while Douglass believed if a community wanted it they could pass their own laws. -
John Browns Raid
His goal was to break into a federal arsenal and escort and free slaves to Canada but they were caught and John Brown was executed for treason. -
Secession of SC
In 1860 SC was the first state to secede from the union followed by GA, Alabama, and FL in 1861 and then MS, LA, and TX in 1861 forming the Confederate states of America. -
Period: to
the Civil War
This was a war between the Union in the North and the Confederate in the South. It ended with victory for the North leading to slavery being abolished, political and industrial dominance of the North and a period of reconstruction. -
Emancipation Proclamation
This freed enslaved people in areas of rebellion. This allowed enslaved people to free themselves and made the war about ending slavery for the North. -
13th Amendment
This amendment abolished slavery. -
Lincolns 10% plan
10% of voters in the South would have to take an oath of loyalty to the Union and abolish slavery. However after his death Andrew Johnson's plan punished Southerners with a wealth over 20000, and allowed states back into the Union if they ratified the 13th amendment and disavowed secession. -
Congressional Reconstruction
During this time the Freedman's Bureau was expanded, the 14th amendment was created and Southern states had to repudiate debts, end slavery and give African American men suffrage. -
Military Reconstruction
This time divided the confederacy into 5 different zones that had a military presence to protect freed enslaved people. -
KKK was formed
This was a hate group that used physical violence, property destruction and fear to intimidate people. Its focus was on White supremacy. -
Era of Good 'Stealings'
This was a corrupt time with many scandals starting in 1867. This included the Credit Mobiler scandal, Salary grabs, and the Whiskey ring. -
Knights of Labor
The knights of labor were a large union including skilled and unskilled workers who held the Haymarket square riot in which several were killed and police shut down. The impact was that unions were associated with violence. -
1870's Currency Issues
There was panic in 1873 which was the worst up to that point. Some major currency issues included using a loose or tight money policy and how they were going to pay back civil war bonds. In 1873 silver stopped being coined while some wanted gold to be 16 times the worth of silver. Tariffs also stayed very high during this time. -
Compromise of 1877
This was for solving the election of 1876 in which a commission chose Hayes as the winner. The compromise allowed for him to be president as well as ending reconstruction. -
Rockefeller's Rise
These were the wealthiest men in the US who used tactics such as horizontal monopoly to make money off of everyone. -
Period: to
Immigration Restrictions
The Chinese exclusion Act in 1882 because of job concerns. The Gentlemens agreement in 1907 that didn't allow Japanese immigrants. Literacy tests in 1917 and a Quota system in 1920. -
Railroads as Big businesses
Railroads used high fees which hurt the Midwest and Great Plains, pooling so that all railroads charged the same rate, rebates which were special rates for big farmers, and gratitudes which helped politicians and the wealthy. -
Interstate Commerce Act
This said railroads had to charge fair rates and created the ICC (interstate commerce commission) which was charged with determining these rates but it wasn't regulated well and was filled with corruption. -
Dawes Severity Act
This divided up Native American reservations into family plots, allowed for some land to be sold to whites and created boarding schools to get Native American kids to assimilate. -
Sherman Anti Trust Act
This was intended to break up monopolies but for its first ten years of existence it was used to break up labor unions. -
Period: to
Impulses towards Imperialism
Closing of the frontier, world pressure, Social Darwinism, yellow journalism, missionary zeal and strong navy advocates. -
Period: to
The Progressive Movement
This was a movement that was multi leveled and multi winged. It had no central authority and contained members from both political parties. Goals of the movement were to improve life of the average american and having the government be closer and more connected to the people. -
Homestead strike
Henry Clay Frick issued a wage cut for a group of workers and all workers went on strike, riot ensued and someone tried to kill Frick so everyone sided with the employers. -
Populist/Peoples party
Their platform was no national banks, direct election of senators, government ownership of telephones and railroads, graduated income tax, lower tariff and bimetallism. -
Period: to
Spanish American War
Both Cuba and Puerto Rico were held by Spain and struggling for independence. After the rebels scorched earth policy Spain sent in 'Butcher' Weyler who established concentration camps causing the US to want to be involved. They war was fueled by yellow journalism which exaggerated it to US citizens. After Spain didn't comply to the US ultimatum they got involved with the Teller amendment that said they were fighting for Cuba's independence. The US won in the end despite not being ready for war. -
Plessy v. Ferguson
Separate but equal in regards to African Americans. -
Wilmington Massacre
White militia burned down a building that housed an African American newspaper and wrecked havoc on the community killing 200. This led to conservative Whites taking office, a grandfather clause and poll tax. -
Treaty of Paris
US gained Puerto Rico, Philippines and Guam. Cuba gained independence but with the Platt amendment the US could intervene in Cuban affairs to protect order and put a military and naval base in Cuba. -
Philippine conflict
After the Spanish American war the Philippines were annexed to the US but did not want to be apart of the US. There was resistance in the Philippines and accounts of US soldiers hurting civilians which eventually lead to the gradual independence for the Philippines in 1946. -
Teddy Roosevelt becomes president
After Mckinnelys assassination TR became president. He was egotistical, aggressive, energetic and believed in the power of the president. He also stuck to his principle of speak softly but carry a big stick. -
Anthracite coal strike
Mine workers were on strike but the owners were arrogant so TR sided with the workers. This marks a turning point for labor unions. -
Hetch Hetchy Debate
After earthquakes San Francisco wanted to use the Hetch Hetchy valley for a resovoir but John Muir said that it would flood the National park but it was built and conservation rather than preservation won. -
Taft as President
Viewed as the least progressive president with no charisma. He lowered the tariff from 46 percent to 40 percent which was not progressive. -
Woodrow Wilson and the triple wall of priveledge
First was the tariff which he lowered from 40% to 27%. Next was Banking which he used the Federal reserve act to regulate how much money was in circulation. Last was trusts and monopolies which he made the Clayton Anti trust act which shut down many monopolies. -
Panama Canal
Colombia controlled Panama and was not cooperative but after a revolt they let go because of US ships presence. The Hay Bunaua Varilla treaty which gave the US a 10 mile land strip for 10 million and 250000 annually. It cost 440 million to build and was a system of locks for ships to work out. -
Archduke Ferdinand's assassination
This was the immediate cause of World War 1 but there were underlying causes as well which included militarism, nationalism, imperialism and alliances. -
Period: to
World War 1
Wilson wanted peace without victory and the end of imperialism. 3 million were drafted and 2 million volunteered. It ended with victory for the allies. -
Sussex Ultimatum
After the Lusitania, Arabic and Sussex were sunk by Germany the US issued an ultimatum which said no more targeting of cargo ships unless armed and Germany needs to provide for the safety of the crew if they attack a ship or the US would join the allies. -
US enters the war
Germany resumed submarine warfare on US ships and sent the Zimmerman note to Mexico which asked Mexico to help them fight the US. Another cause was the Russia leaving the war because of communism. -
Treaty of Versaille
Germany was blamed for the war, had to pay 33 billion to the winners, reduce military, and give up all colonies. The League of Nations was also created but did not include the US who signed a different treaty. -
Period: to
Lynchings/Race Riots
In Chicago a group of African Americans who drifted into a white beach were dragged out and beaten sparking protests and uproar. In Tulsa bombs were dropped and 10000 African Americans were left homeless. -
The Red Scare
This came in many forms as people were scared of communism taking over. People were arrested, deported and killed through bombings. -
19th amendment
Women gained the right to vote with this amendment. -
Harding's presidency
Harding's win marked a conservative turn. His slogan was a return to normalcy. He returned railroads to private ownership, made benefits for veterans, made more monopolies and raised the tariff. -
Period: to
1920s Foreign Policy
Us did not participate in League of Nations as they were trying to isolate themselves. Many treaties were formed to focus on preventing future wars such as the 5 power treaty, 4 power Pacific pact, 9 power treaty, Kellogg Briand Pact, and the Geneva disarmament. The Dawes plan, young plan, Hoover policy and the Lausane conference all focused on the war debt. -
Scopes trial on Evolution
John Scopes violated the law by teaching evolution leading to a trial where he was found guilty. This shows the cultural and religious divide of the time. -
Stock Market Crash
On Black Thursday there was a price drop and dip in the market and then on Black Tuesday the market completely crashed. The biggest crash ever leading to a long depression. -
FDR's foreign policy
There was a focus on isolationism since the US did not want another war and was in the great depression. At the world economic conferences the US promoted international trade even though it didn't benefit the US. The US recognized the USSR and practiced good neighbor ism with Latin America. -
FDR's philosophy
FDR tried bold experimentation which was to try even if it failed. He believed in Keynesian economics which was that government spending would stimulate the economy. He went by the 3 Rs; relief, recovery and reform. -
Hitler and other Dictators
Hitler rebuilt the military of Germany and occupied Rhineland, Austria, Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia and Poland. Great Britain and France declared war when he invaded Poland. He also joined with Mussolini in Italy. -
Pearl Harbor
The majority of the American Pacific fleet was sunk or damaged leading to FDR declaring war. -
Lend Lease Act
This allowed the president to give stuff to countries fighting against the Axis powers with debt later. This led to critical shortages in the US. -
Arcadia Conference
This was a meeting between FDR, Churchill and Stalin in which they established the goals of the war. They decided to focus on Europe first. This was followed by many other conferences where they discussed plans for the war. -
D Day
This was a huge battle in which the US, Britain and Canada all took German beaches. It ended with the liberation of Paris which was the goal. -
VE Day
This marked victory in Europe. -
The Manhattan Project
This was led by J Robert Oppenheimer to be the first to create an atomic bomb. The first successful testing was in July 1945. -
VJ Day
After both bombs were dropped victory in Japan was declared