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Guglielmo Marconi (1920's Culture)
invented wireless telegraphy (the telegraph) in the 1890s. In the 1920s, the first voice-carrying radio broadcasts were transmitted. Automobiles drew Americans away from the home, but the radio brought them back. The radio made significant educational and cultural contributions. -
Orville and Wilbur Wright and Charles A. Lindberg (1920's Culture)
Gasoline engines led to the invention of the airplane. On December 17, 1903, Orville and Wilbur Wright made their first flight, lasting 12 seconds and 120 feet. After the success of airplanes in WWI, private companies began to operate passenger airlines with airmail contracts. Charles A. Lindberg became the first man to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927. His flight energized the new aviation industry. -
Motion picture (1920's Culture)
which had been partially developed by Thomas A. Edison, began in the 1890s. The true birth of motion picture came in 1903 with the release of the first story sequence: The Great Train Robbery. Hollywood became the movie capital of the world. Motion picture was used extensively in WWI as anti-German propaganda.The spread of motion picture led to increased assimilation of immigrants. -
La Follette Seaman's Act of 1915 (1920's Politics)
improved working conditions for sailors but it economically hurt the American shipping industry because they now had a hard time competing with foreigners, who did not treat their crews very well. -
Marcus Garvey (1920's African American Identity)
United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), back to Africa plan, committed fraud, deported back to Africa -
18th Amendment (Prohibition)
Banned the sale of alcohol, enforced by the Volstead Act -
Sherwood Anderson (1920's Literature)
wrote Winesburg, Ohio (1919). -
Fundamentalists (Religion)
old-time religionists, claimed that the teaching of Darwinism evolution was destroying faith in God and the Bible, while contributing to the moral breakdown of youth. -
H.L. Mencken (1920's Literature)
attacked marriage, patriotism, democracy, and prohibition in his monthly American Mercury. -
F. Scott Fitzgerald (1920's Literature)
wrote This Side of Paradise in 1920 and The Great Gatsby in 1925. -
Sinclair Lewis (1920's Literature)
wrote Main Street (1920) and Babbitt (1922). -
Esch-Cummins Transportation Act of 1920 (1920's Politics)
returned the railroads to private management. It pledged the Interstate Commerce Commission to guarantee their profitability. -
Merchant Marine Act of 1920 (1920's Politics)
authorized the government to sell its wartime fleet of 1500 vessels at extremely low prices. -
Ku Klux Klan (1920's culture)
(Knights of the Invisible Empire)growing intolerance and prejudice of the American public. It was popular in the Midwest and South. The Klan was antiforeign, anti-Catholic, anti-black, anti-Jewish, antipacifist, anti-Communist, anti-internationalist, antievolutionist, antibootlegger, antigambling, antiadultery, and anti-birth control. It was pro-Anglo-Saxon, pro-"native" American, pro-Protestant. It fell apart in the late 1920s after it was discovered that Klan official were embezzling money. -
John Dewey (1920's Culture)
set forth the principles of "learning by doing" that formed the foundation of so-called progressive education. He believed that "education for life" should be a primary goal of the teacher. Science and healthcare also improved during the 1920s. -
Bruce Barton (1920's Economy)
founded advertising. Sports became a big business in the consumer economy of the 1920s. Buying in credit was another new feature of the postwar economy. Prosperity thus led to increased personal debt, and the economy became increasingly vulnerable to disruptions of the credit structure. -
Jazz Music (1920's African American Identity)
Jazz music was brought north by African Americans and was seen as youthful rebellion, sign of new and modern culture -
Emergency Quota Act of 1921 (Immigration)
placed a quota on the number of European immigrants who could come to America each year; it was set at 3% of the people of their nationality who had been living in the United States in 1910. -
Warren G. Harding (1920's Politics)
inaugurated 1921, unable to detect corruption in his own staff, was a soft guy, hated to say "no," hurting peoples' feelings, Charles Evans Hughes secretary of state. Andrew W. Mellon, Pittsburgh's multimillionaire aluminium king, secretary of the Treasury, Herbert Hoover secretary of commerce, Harding's most capable officials were offset by two of the worst: Senator Albert B. Fall, an anti-conservationist, the secretary of the interior, and Harry M. Daugherty, a crook attorney general. -
Adjusted Compensation Act (1920's Politics)
which gave every former soldier a sum of money, depending on their years of service. -
Immigration Act of 1924 (Immigration)
replaced the Quota Act of 1921, cutting quotas for foreigners from 3% to 2%. Japanese were banned from coming to America. Canadians and Latin Americans were exempt from the act, because their close proximity made it easy to attract them when they were needed and it was easy to send them home when they were not needed.The quota system significantly reduced immigration. The Immigration Act of 1924 ended the era of unrestricted immigration to the United States. -
Monkey Trial (Religion)
In 1925, John T. Scopes was indicted in Tennessee for teaching evolution. At the "Monkey Trial," Scopes was defended by Clarence Darrow, while former presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan prosecuted him. Scopes was found guilty and fined $100. -
Earnest Hemingway (1920's Literature)
was among the writers most affected by the war. He responded to propaganda and the overblown appeal to patriotism. He wrote of disillusioned, spiritually numb American expatriates in Europe in The Sun Also Rises (1926). -
Agricultural Marketing Act (Herbert Hoover's Policies)
was designed to help the farmers by setting up the Federal Farm Board. The Board purchased agricultural surpluses, hoping to stabilize agriculture prices. The Board created the Grain Stabilization Corporation and the Cotton Stabilization Corporation, which also purchased surpluses. The corporations failed after farmers produced too much surplus, exceeding the budget of the Board. -
Great Depression (Stock Market Crash)
As a result of the crash, millions lost their jobs and thousands of banks closed. The United States was the hardest industrialized nation to be hit. -
Black Tuesday (Stock Market Crash)
It was partially triggered by the British, who raised their interest rates in an effort to bring back capital lured abroad by American investments. The British needed money, and they were unable to trade with the United States due the high tariffs. -
Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930 (Herbert Hoover's Policies)
was intended to be a mild tariff, but Congress tacked on several amendments, turning it into a bill that raised the tariff to 60%. This was the nation's highest protective tariff during peacetime. The tariff deepened the depression that had already begun in America and other nations, and it increased international financial chaos. -
Henry Ford (1920's Economy)
father of the moving assembly line (Fordism), created the Model T. By 1930, more than 20 million Model Ts were being driven in the country. -
Harlem Renaissance (1920's African American Identity)
sector of New York in which a lot of talented artists flourished -
New Negro (1920's African American Identity)
a movement led by progressive young people who were sophisticated and well educated in the arts
-goal was full participation in American society and politics, wanted to fight stereotypes of blacks as servile humans
-called on artists to create an image through music, literature, and art to powerfully illustrate black humanity; created an image with which others could identify and evoke empathy; hoped that white society would see black people's humanity -
Aaron Douglas (1920's African American Identity)
Focused on traditional African design
and subject matter
• Incorporating African heritage into
African-American heritage and
identity -
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) - New Deal Programs
Provided jobs for single males on conservation projects -
Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) - New Deal Programs
Helped states to provide aid for the unemployed -
Public Works Administration (PWA) - New Deal Programs
Created jobs on government projects -
Civil Works Administration (CWA) - New Deal Programs
Provided work in federal jobs -
Emergency Banking Relief Act (EBRA) - New Deal Program
Roosevelt declared a bank holiday and closed down all the banks to be inspected. Those that were considered stable could reopen while others that were in financial crisis would remained closed or they could obtained loans if necessary -
Federal Deposit Insurance Corportation (FDIC) - New Deal Program
which protected bank deposits up to $5,000, thus reassuring the Americans that their money were safe -
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) - New Deal Programs
Provided money to states to create jobs; it was struck down by the Supreme Court as unconstitutional on the ground that it gave legislative powers to the executive branch and that the enforcement of industry codes within states went beyond the federal government's constitutional powers to regulate interstate commerce -
National Recovery Administration (NRA) - New Deal Program
Establish codes of fair competition -
Tennesse Valley Authority (TVA) - New Deal Programs
Developed the resources of the Tennessee Valley such as electrics -
Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) - New Deal Programs
Loaned money at low interest to homeowners who could not meet mortage payments -
21st Amendment (Prohibition)
repealed the 18th amendment and allowed the sale of alcohol -
Dust Bowl (Dust Bowl)
struck many states in the trans-Mississippi Great Plains. It was caused by drought, wind, and over-farming of the land. -
FDR and the Three R's: Relief, Recovery, Reform (1920's Economy)
President Roosevelt declared a national banking holiday as a prelude to opening the banks on a sounder basis -
Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933 (1920's Economy)
which gave the President power to regulate banking transactions and foreign exchange and to reopen solvent banks. -
Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act (1920's Economy)
(FDIC) with the Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act. The FDIC insured bank deposits to $5,000. ended nation's epidemic of bank failures. Roosevelt took off of the gold standard by the Treasury buy gold from citizens. only transactions in paper money were accepted. FDR's goals was to create modest inflation. would relieve debtors' burdens and stimulate new production. Inflation was achieved buying gold at increasing prices. policy increased amount of dollars in circulation. -
Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) - New Deal Programs
Raise crop prices by lowering production and paying farmers to leave a certain amount of every acre of land unseeded; declared unconstitutional by Supreme Court on the ground that agriculture is a local matter and thus, the power to regulate agriculture should be given to states rather than federal government (States vs. Federal Government goes way back to the Constitutional Convention in which Alexander Hamilton supported Federal Power while Thomas Jefferson supported States Power) -
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) - New Deal Programs
Supervised the stock market and eliminated dishonest practices -
Federal Housing Administration (FHA) - New Deal Programs
Insured loans for building and repairing homes -
United States Housing Authority (USHA) - New Deal Programs
Provided federal loans for low-cost public housing -
Works Progress Administration (WPA) - New Deal Programs
Quickly created as many jobs as possible -
National Youth Administration (NYA) - New Deal Program
Provided job training for unemployed young people and part-time jobs for needy students -
Rural Electricfication Administration (REA) - New Deal Programs
Provided affordable electricity for isolated rural areas. -
Resettlement Administration (Dust Bowl)
moved near-farmless farmers to better lands. -
Keynesianism Economics (1920's Economy)
government money is used to "prime the pump" of the economy and encourage consumer spending; this policy intentionally creates a budget deficit. -
Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FDC) - New Deal Programs
Required manufacturers to list ingredients in foods, drugs, and cosmetic products
