APUSH Period 5 [1844-1877]: Civil War and Reconstruction, the Spanish American War
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Aroostook War, Tariffs of 1842
Aroostook: Series of clashes between American and Canadian lumberjacks in the disputed territory of northern Maine, resolved when a permanent boundary was agreed upon in 1842. Tariffs: protective measure passed by Congressional Whigs, raising tariffs to pre-Compromise of 1833 rates. The bill restored protection and raised average tariff rates to almost 40%. -
Texas Annexation
Texas was annexed by the United States in 1845 and became the 28th state.
Until 1836, Texas had been part of Mexico, but in that year a group of settlers from the United States who lived in Mexican Texas declared independence. They called their new country the Republic of Texas, which was an independent country for nine years. This contributed to the Mexican-American War. -
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Polk's Presidency
Jacksonian Democrat, limited Federal Government, expanded suffrage, for expansion of the U.S. and provoked the Spanish American War -
Oregon dispute with Britain (54 40 or fight), Wilmot Proviso
Oregon (54 40 or fight): slogan of those wanting to take all of Oregon; numbers (54 40') was line of latitude where people wanted Oregon border; did not want compromise of 49th parallel, as was done by President Polk.(Supported by Democratic Southerners) Wilmot Proviso: 1846 proposal by Polk that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico (not abolitionist, but free-soil) -
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
After swift American victory, Mexico was forced to sell much of their territory in present-day United States as well as recognize Rio Grande as southern border of Texas (Mexican Cession) -
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Taylor's Presidency
Whig, opposed the spread of slavery to new territories -
Compromise of 1850
Includes California admitted as a free state, the Fugitive Slave Act, Made popular sovereignty in most other states from Mexican- American War (created disputes in those territories) -
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Fillmore's Presidency
The Whig party was dying but he didn't want to be a Republican so he instead accepted the Know-Nothing party invitation, personally opposed slavery but agreed to the Fugitive Slave law for fear of the Southern states succeeding -
Gadsden Purchase, Uncle Tom's Cabin
Gadsden: Agreement w/ Mexico that gave the US parts of present-day New Mexico & Arizona in exchange for $10 million; all but completed the continental expansion envisioned by those who believed in Manifest Destiny. Uncle Tom's Cabin: a novel published by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852 which portrayed slavery as brutal and immoral -
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Pierce's Presidency
Democrat, believed the abolitionist movement was a threat to national unity, signed the Kansas-Nebraska Act and in doing so, led to the creation of the Republican party that opposed Kansas-Nebraska and the expansion of slavery -
Republican Party formed, Kansas-Nebraska Act
Republican: The New Republican party arose in the Middle West from the Kansas-Nebraska Act (Against slavery, included whigs, democrats, free-soilers, Know-Nothings, and other foes of the Kansas-Nebraska Acts); The Southerners didn't allow the Republican Party past the Mason-Dixon line Kansas-Nebraska: Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty. -
Bleeding Kansas, John Brown's Raid
Bleeding KS: a series of violent fights between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces in Kansas who had moved to Kansas to try to influence the decision of whether or not Kansas would a slave state or a free state. John Brown: Abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858) -
Dred-Scott, Financial Crash, Lecompton Constitution
Dred-Scott: slaves were not citizens and therefore not able to sue in court. Slaves were considered property and the Constitution states that no person can be deprived of their property without due process of law. Crash: brought on by gold-fueled inflation, over speculation, and excess grain production. Raised calls in the North for higher tariffs and for free homesteads on western lands Lecompton: supported the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders -
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Buchanan's Presidency
A Federalist then Democrat, states rights, tried to prevent war but often his policies did the opposite, morally opposed to slavery but believed it was protected by the constitution, tried to keep the peace but things only escalated -
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate -
Constitutional Union Party, Secession
Constitutional Union Party: Formed by moderate Whigs and Know-Nothings in an effort to elect a compromise candidate and avert a sectional crisis. Southern Secession: Election of anti-slavery Republican Abraham Lincoln in 1860 without any Southern electoral votes led to secession of South Carolina (and others) which, in turn, led to Civil War over slavery in the South and (at first) preserving the Union in the North -
Civil War starts, Morill Tariff Act
Civil War Starts: Lincoln's victory in the 1860 election caused Southern states to secede Morill Tariff Act: major protectionist tariff benefiting Northern industry -
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Lincoln's Presidency
First Republican president, his election caused Southern states to secede, opposed to any expansion of slavery, president through the Civil War, issued the Emancipation Proclamation, was assassinated -
Homestead Act, Emancipation proclamation, Anteitam
Homestead: allowed a settler to acquire 160 acres by living on it for five years, improving it and paying about $30 (liked by free-soilers but not Southern Democrats) Emancipation: Lincoln's executive order stating that all enslaved people in Confederate states were free. Enlarged the purpose of the war from preserving the union to abolishing slavery Antietam: Antietam, the deadliest one-day battle in American military history, showed that the Union could stand against the Confederate army -
Reconstruction 10% plan, Wade Davis Bill
Reconstruction 10% plan: At least 10% of the population must swear an oath of allegiance to the Union/Constitution and each state must ratify the 13th Amendment (abolish slavery) (10% plan)
Wade Davis Bill: Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned. -
National Bank Act, Gettysburg Address
National Bank Act: legislation passed in 1863 to make banking safer for investors. Its provisions included a system of federally chartered banks, new requirements for loans, and a system for the inspection of banks
Gettysburg Address: a speech given by Abraham Lincoln after the Battle of Gettysburg, in which he praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the Civil War; supported the ideals of self-government and human rights -
End of War, 13th Amendment, Freedmen Bureau, Blacks Codes, Appomattox
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Johnson's Presidency
Democrat, defended slavery, created his own plan for reconstruction based on Lincoln's, but offered no role for black people -
14th Amendment
Gave former slaves citizenship and equal protection, revoked black codes in stating states could not pass laws limiting constitutional rights and freedoms -
Reconstruction Act, Civil Rights Bill, Veto Freedmen Bureau, Swinging Round Circle, KKK
Reconstruction Act: Act by radicals that divided the South into five military districts, commanded by a Union general and policed by blue-clad soldiers
Civil Rights:a measure to reinforce black rights to citizenship. vetoed by Johnson; passed as the 14th Amendment.
Swingin: Jackson embarked on a tour to urge voters to elect members of Congress committed to his own Reconstruction plan; undermined public support for his policies
KKK: Against Blacks, Jews, Catholics. Used terror to control them -
15th Amendment
granted African American men the right to vote -
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Grant's Presidency
Republican, supported congressional reconstruction, ratification of the 15th Amendment and crushed the Ku Klux Klan, but his administration was corrupt -
Force Acts, Tenure of Office Act
Force Acts: Laws designed to stamp out KKK terrorism in the South but was too late as the terror already struck people all over the South. Tenure of Office Act: Radical attempt to further diminish Andrew Johnson's authority by providing that the president could not remove any civilian official without Senate approval; Johnson violated the law by removing Edwin Stanton as secretary of war, and the House of Representatives impeached him over his actions. -
Panic of 1873, Slaughterhouse Cases, Colfax Massacre
Panic: The Panic of 1873 was a financial crisis that triggered an economic depression in Europe and North America that lasted from 1873 to 1877 or 1879 in France and in Britain Slaughterhouse: Ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment safeguarded a person's rights only at a federal level, not at a state level. Colfax: whites attacked black officials of a small town in Louisiana; dozens of blacks were murdered; the few whites who were tried and convicted had their sentences overturned through appeal -
US V. Cruikshank
The national government could not punish someone for violating the civil rights of individuals - only the states had that power -
End of Reconstruction
The Compromise of 1876 effectively ended the Reconstruction era. Southern Democrats' promises to protect the civil and political rights of Black people were not kept, and the end of federal interference in southern affairs led to widespread disenfranchisement of Black voters while the North became increasingly disinterested in Reconstruction.