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Second Great Awakening Starts
Democratizing revival of religious enthusiasm, affording regional Protestant identities. (Charles Grandison Finney, Mormonism, Millerites, Southern Baptists) -
Judiciary Act of 1801
AKA Midnight Judges, Adams appointed Federalist judges in the last days of his presidency -
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Jefferson's Presidency
Democratic Republican, strongly supported states rights and nullification, strict interpretation of the constitution -
Marbury v. Madison, Louisiana Purchase, Napoleon Wars
M v. M: Expanded the power of the Supreme Court (judicial branch) by setting a precedent for judicial review. Massive check on the legislative and executive branches. Louisiana Purchase: territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million by Jefferson Napoleonic Wars: British and French Conflict that spilled into the Atlantic. The United States succeeded in remaining neutral, but suffered from impressment, -
Indian Confederacy, Non-Intercourse Act, Embargo Repealed
Confederacy: Tecumseh and the Prophet formed a tribal confederacy in response to the flood of western-bound settlers, and resulted in Indian unity and cultural revival Non-Intercourse Act: Replaced the Embargo Act and only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships -
Chesapeake Incident and the Embargo Act
Chesapeake: U.S. Chesapeake was boarded by a British ship, incident of impressment Embargo: Issued by Jefferson, prohibited trade with Britain and France, difficult to enforce as many were dependent on trade and smuggling became common, replaced by the Non-Intercourse -
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Madison's Presidency
Was first a Federalist, then flipped to Democratic Republican, states rights, nullification (helped write Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions), helped write the Bill of Rights -
Macon's Bill N.O. 2
Forbade trade with Britain and France, but offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first, was embarrassing in that the U.S. realized it relied on Britain and France -
National Road
The National Road (also known as the Cumberland Road) was the first major improved highway in the United States built by the federal government. -
War Hawks, Manifest Destiny
War Hawks: Calhoun, Clay, and other young politicians putting pressure on Madison to go to war Manifest Destiny: The belief that the U.S. was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic to the Pacific -
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War of 1812
Between U.S. and Britain, over impressment and Britain interfering with trade between the U.S. and France -
Hartford Convention, End of War of 1812, Treaty of Ghent
Hartford Convention: Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party because of lost trade with the British. These actions were largely viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence (War caused sectionalism) Ghent: Ended the War of 1812. Did not address grievances that led to the war (stalemate for both sides). -
American Colonization Society, Era of Good Feelings, Tariff of 1816
American Colonization Society: End slavery by gradually freeing slaves and sending them to Africa Era of Good Feelings: Monroe's two terms, strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, so there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts Tariff of 1816: Protected American industry by taxing imported goods, but hurt the South -
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Monroe's Presidency
Democratic Republican who ran virtually unopposed (Federalist party died), very nationalistic (think Monroe Doctrine), and rode the wave of "Era of Good Feelings" after the war -
McCullough v. Maryland, Panic of 1819, Tallmadge Amendment
McCullough v. MY: Supreme Court ruling confirming the supremacy of national over state government Panic of 1819: natural post-war depression caused by overproduction and the reduced demand for goods after the war. However, it was generally blamed on the National Bank. Tallmadge: an attempt to have no more slaves to be brought to Missouri and provided the gradual emancipation of the children of slaves. In the mind of the South, this was a threat to the sectional balance between North and South. -
Land Act of 1820, Missouri Compromise
Land Act: Made land cheap and encouraged westward migration Missouri Compromise: A rule for future admission of slave and free states using the 36° 30' line. Missouri admitted as a slave state and Maine a free state in order to maintain a balance in the Senate -
Monroe Doctrine
Foreign policy declaration that warned European states against further encroachment into or influence in the Americas -
Gibbons v. Odgens, Clay's American System, Corrupt Bargain
Gibbons v. Ogden: Ruled congress had the sole power to regulate interstate commerce Clay's American System: Clay's plan for uniting the economy, protective tariffs, 2nd national bank, and government funded roads, railroads and canals, South claimed it favored industry in the North Corrupt Bargain: Election of 1824 had no clear winner so the house decided, which Henry Clay presided over, and Andrew Jackson was snubbed, despite being the most popular candidate -
Erie Canal
New York state canal that linked Lake Erie to the Hudson River. It dramatically lowered shipping costs, fueling an economic boom in upstate New York and increasing the profitability of farming in the Old Northwest. -
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Quincy Adams' Presidency
A Whig, narrowly beat Andrew Jackson (corrupt bargain), his want for the Federal gov to have a greater role in the economy was unpopular (he was ahead of his time), leaned liberal and believed in human rationality -
American Temperance Union, American Christian Temperance Union
American Temperance Union: Promoted temperance American Christian Temperance Union: Promoted temperance -
Tariff of 1828, Democrats formed
Tariff: (1) An extremely high tariff (45%) that Jacksonian Democrats tried to get Adams to veto. (2) caused a sectional split and began the nullification crisis led by John C. Calhoun of South Carolina. Democrats: the Democratic-Republicans split into groups after the 1824 presidential election; one faction supported President John Quincy Adams (Whigs), while the other faction backed General Andrew Jackson (Democrats) -
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Jackson's Presidency
Democratic Republican, "A common, self-made man", states rights, anti-abolitionist and forced removal of Native Americans, split the Democratic party as the Whigs branched off to oppose him -
Indian Removal Act
A congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River, Jackson claimed they were helping the Indians (They did not) -
Nat Turner's Rebellion, The Liberator
Rebellion: Virginia slave revolt that resulted in the deaths of sixty whites and raised fears among white Southerners of further uprisings. Led to new legislation making it unlawful to teach slaves, free blacks, or mulattoes to read or write. The Liberator: anti-slavery newspaper during the antebellum period and throughout the Civil War. It was published and edited in Boston by William Lloyd Garrison, a leading white abolitionist and founder of the influential American Anti-Slavery Society. -
Worcester v. Georgia, Blackhawk War, Nullification Crisis, Tariff of 1832
Worcester v. Georgia: Blackhawk War: Nullification Crisis: Tariff of 1832: -
Force Bill, Compromise Tariff, American Anti-Slavery Society, Bank Killed
Force Bill: Congress is authorized to use the military against belligerent states. Is nullified by SC Tariff: Tariff by Henry Clay & John Calhoun that gradually lowered the tariff to the level of the tariff of 1816; avoided civil war & prolonged the union 30 yrs. Anti-Slavery: calls for the immediate abolition of slavery without terms, and is critical of the American Colonization Society. Bank Killed: Jackson hated the bank and created pet banks under state control instead of a national bank -
Seminole War
Conflict that began in Florida in 1817 between the Seminole Indians and the US army when the Seminoles resisted removal -
Panic of 1837, Steel Plow invented
Panic of 1837: Many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress. Steel Plow: invented by John Deer which allowed farmers to cultivate crops more efficiently and cheaply -
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Van Buren's Presidency
Democratic Republican, states rights, opposed a strong federal government, disapproved of federally sponsored internal improvements, was uneffective during the economic panic -
Trail of Tears
The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands, and traveled 800 miles to the Indian Territory with over 4,000 Cherokees dying of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey -
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Harrison/Tyler's Presidency
Whig Harrison was elected as "the common man" but died, Tyler was strong states rights supporter and wasn't liked by either party, he vetoed many Whig proposals -
Frederick Douglas Autobiography, Texas Annexed
Autobiography: The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas outlined the moral issues of slavery and called for abolition Texas Annexation: On December 29, 1845, Texas entered the United States as a slave state, broadening the irrepressible differences in the United States over the issue of slavery and setting off the Mexican-American War -
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Polk's Presidency
Jacksonian Democrat, limited the Federal gov and was for extended suffrage, wanted to expand the U.S. and provoked the Mexican American War. -
Sewing Machine, Mexican American War
Sewing Machine: Meant the mass production of clothing was possible, affected homes and business Mexican American War: After Texas was annexed, there were disputes over the border, US troops provoked, eventually won, and the US gained it's western states, leading to westward migration and the slavery expansion issue -
California Gold Rush, Oneida Community, Seneca Falls
Gold Rush: rapid influx of fortune seekers in California that began after gold was found at Sutter's Mill in early 1848 Oneida: founded by John Humphrey Noyes; group of socio-religious who practiced polygamy, communal property and communal raising of children. Seneca Falls: Site of the first modern women's rights convention, and the start of the organized fight for women's rights in US history. Elizabeth Cady Stanton read a Declaration of Sentiments calling for suffrage (run by men)