-
Period: to
India Independence Movement
This movement was a series of events in order for India to be separated from British rule. The movement ended when India finally gained its independence from Britain as Gandhi and Nehru as their leaders. It was non-violent. -
India Independence Movement
India gained its independence under Gandhi and Nehru. They made the movement non-violent by using civil disobedience, passive resistance, and boycotts to generate social and political change. -
Period: to
Group Areas Act
This "mandated residential segregation throughout the country." More than 860,000 people were forced to move in order to control/divide the different segregation's at a time when there was so much resistance. -
Males had to carry a "reference book"
This was a law made for any male over 16 years old had to carry a reference book. The book would contain personal information and employment history. -
Defiance Campaign
The Defiance Campaign started in 1952 and went until 1954. It consisted of protests against the laws that were made against Africans and humiliated them. -
Period: to
Mau Mau Rebellion
This was a war in the British Kenya Colony that had Kenyan factions fighting British colonial rule. The rebellion murdered many people (settlers) so in counter, Britian created detention camps for people who are suspected to be apart of the Mau Mau Rebellion. Britain used extreme torture to gain information and limit uprisings. -
Period: to
Cuban Revolution
The revolution was led by Fidel Castro and a small band of guerrilla fighters against the corrupt dictatorship in Cuba. In 1959 Castro did overthrow the Cuban dictator and created a Marxist socialist state. -
Period: to
Algerian War for Independence
Conflict between France and Algeria which later led to Algeria gaining its independence. The National Liberation Front was created during this time period and it was the only constitutionally legal party in Algeria and it was just a continuation of the revolutionary body. The war consisted of guerrilla fighting and war crimes (violent). It ended with the Evian Accords which was a series of peace treaties that made Algeria independent and let cooperative exchanges between the two countries. -
Women's Protest
In 1956 there was a big women's protest in Pretoria. This protest consisted of women of all races not just Africans. The protest was against the proposed amendments to the Urban Areas Act. -
Ghana Independence Movement
Kwame Nkrumah was the leader of Ghana at the time when they gained independence. He turned the country into a republic and he was going to be the president for the rest of his lifetime. This was another non-violent movement and was motivated by the encouraged nationalist movement and influence of India's independence. -
Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act of 1959
This Act "abolished indirect representation of blacks in Pretoria and divided the Africans into ten ethnically discrete groups, each assigned a traditional homeland." The homelands constituted for only 13% of the land for about 75% of the population. -
Burning Passes
Africans started burning their passes at police stations in Sharpeville and 69 of the protesters were massacred. -
Congo Independence Movement
The independence on Ghana began with a nationalist movement in the Belgian Congo demanding the end of colonial rule. The first prime minster of the republic, Patrice Lumumba, was eventually arrested and murdered. -
Period: to
Cambodian Civil War
The independence in Cambodia was gained violently. it consisted of the Khmer Rouge and the S21 prison. The Khmer Rouge was a communist party that reigned terror on Cambodian citizens because they wanted everyone to be equal and the same (no one smarter than another). Pol Pot was the leader at the time. S21 was the major prison that used to be a school. There was about a 1% chance of making it out alive. -
The Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act of 1970
This Act declared that all Africans were citizens of "homelands" and not South Africa. This was one step closer to the governments goal of having not African citizens in South Africa. -
Period: to
Independent homelands
Pretoria declared Transkei, Venda, Bophuthatswana, and Ciskei (four homelands) independent. This then led to 8 million Africans losing their South African citizenship. Yet when they were independent, other countries did not recognize them. -
Period: to
Iranian Revolution
This was a revolution against the shah of Iran led by Ayatollah Khomeini and he eventually turned Iran to a Islamic Republic. With Khomeini as the leader, he ordered an invasion of the US Embassy. -
Period: to
South Africa Apartheid
Apartheid itself was a policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race in South Africa. Nelson Mandela was the anti-apartheid revolutionary and first black president that removed apartheid. South Africa still does not have complete independence. But during the apartheid, there were many laws passed that did not allow blacks the same rights as whites. -
Homelands restored
In 1994, the homelands that were originally set apart as "independent" were not reabsorbed and apart of South Africa again.