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Indian national congress
The Indian National Congress- colloquially the Congress Party or simply the Congress, is an Indian political party. -
The pass laws
In the 19th century, the new pass laws were enacted for the purpose of ensuring a reliable supply of cheap, docile African labor for the gold and diamond mines. -
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India independence movement
The Indian National Congress- colloquially the Congress Party or simply the Congress, is an Indian political party. The Salt March- also known as the Salt Satyagraha, Dandi March and the Dandi Satyagraha, was an act of nonviolent civil disobedience in colonial India led by Mahatma Gandhi. Partition- politics, a partition is a change of political borders cutting through at least one territory considered a homeland by some community. -
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Apartheid
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South Africa Apartheid
The Apartheid in South Africa was the racial segregation under the all-white government of South Africa which dictated that non-white South Africans were required to live in separate areas from whites and use separate public facilities, and contact between the two groups was very rare but usually violent. -
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Ghana independence movement
Pan Africanism
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More rigid laws
In 1952, the government enacted an even more rigid law that required all African males over the age of 16 to carry a “reference book” containing personal information and employment history. -
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Defiance campaign
Protest against these humiliating laws fueled the anti-apartheid struggle from the Defiance Campaign (1952–1954) -
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Mau Mau Rebellion
The Mau Mau rebellion, also known as the Mau Mau uprising, Mau Mau revolt or Kenya Emergency, was a war in the British Kenya Colony between the Kenya Land and Freedom Army, also known as the Mau Mau, and the British authorities. -
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Algerian War for Independence
The Algerian War was a major armed conflict between France and the Algerian National Liberation Front from 1954 to 1962, which led to Algeria winning its independence from France. An important decolonization war, it was a complex conflict characterized by guerrilla warfare and war crimes. -
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Cambodian Civil War
The Cambodian Civil War was a civil war in Cambodia fought between the forces of the Communist Party of Kampuchea against the government forces of the Kingdom of Cambodia and, after October 1970, the Khmer Republic, which had succeeded the kingdom. -
Women's protest
the massive women’s protest in Pretoria (1956) -
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Congo Independence Movement
A nationalist movement in the Belgian Congo demanded the end of colonial rule, this led to the country's independence on 30 June 1960. Minimal preparations had been made and many issues, such as federalism, tribalism, and ethnic nationalism, remained unresolved. -
Sharpville massacre
Then burning of passes at the police station in Sharpeville where 69 protesters were massacred (1960) -
Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act
The Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act of 1970 declared that all Africans were citizens of “homelands,” rather than of South Africa itself—a step toward the government’s ultimate goal of having no African citizens of South Africa. -
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Violation consequences
In the 1970s and 1980s, many Africans found in violation of past laws were stripped of citizenship and deported to poverty-stricken rural “homelands.” -
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Losing citizenship
Between 1976 and 1981, four homelands, Transkei, Venda, Botsthatswana, and Ciskei were declared “independent” by Pretoria, and eight million Africans lost their South African citizenship. None of the homelands were recognized by any other country. -
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Iranian Revolution
The Iranian Revolution, or the Islamic Revolution, refers to a series of events that culminated in the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979. -
Repealing of the past laws
By the time the increasingly expensive and ineffective pass laws were repealed in 1986, they had led to more than 17 million arrests. -
Homelands absorbed
After 1994, the homelands were reabsorbed into South Africa.