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Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand
Assassination ofArchduke Ferdinand, 1914He, the heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, were shot dead in Sarajevo, by Gavrilo Princip, one of a group of six Bosnian Serb assassins coordinated by Danilo Ilić. The political objective of the assassination was to break off Austria-Hungary's south-Slav provinces so they could be combined into a Greater Serbia or a Yugoslavia. The assassins' motives were consistent with the movement that later became known as Young Bosnia. -
Partition of India
The Partition of IndiaIt was the partition of British India on the basis of religious demographics. This led to the creation of the sovereign states of the Dominion of Pakistan (later the Islamic Republic of Pakistan) and the Union of India (later Republic of India) which took place in 1947, on August 14th and 15th, respectively. -
Japan makes 21 demands on China
Primary Documents - '21 Demands' Made by Japan to China, 18 January 1915They were a set of demands made by the Empire of Japan under Prime Minister Ōkuma Shigenobu sent to the nominal government of the Republic of China resulting in two treaties with Japan. These demands - comprising five groupings - required that China immediately cease its leasing of territory to foreign powers and to ascent to Japanese control over Manchuria and Shandong (Shantung) among other demands. -
Gallipoli campaign
A.k.a. the Dardanelles Campaign or the Battle of Gallipoli or the Battle of Çanakkale took place at the peninsula of Gallipoli in the Ottoman Empire (in modern day Turkey) between 25 April 1915 and 9 January 1916, during the First World War. A joint British and French operation was mounted to capture the Ottoman capital of Istanbul (then still referred to as 'Constantinople' by Western nations) and secure a sea route to Russia. The attempt failed, with heavy casualties on both sides. -
German resumption unrestricted submarine warfare
Feb 1, 1917:Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfareOn 22 December 1916, Admiral von Holtzendorff composed a memorandum which became the pivotal document for Germany's resumption of unrestricted U-boat warfare in 1917. Holtzendorff proposed breaking Britain's back by sinking 600,000 tons of shipping per month, based on a February 1916 study by Dr. Richard Fuss, who had postulated that if merchant shipping was sunk at such a rate, Britain would run out of shipping and be forced to sue for peace within 6 months, well before the Americans could act. -
Bolshevik Revolution
The Bolshevik Revolution1917A.k.a. October Revolution, it was a political revolution, mass insurrection and a part of the Russian Revolution of 1917. It took place with an armed insurrection in Petrograd traditionally dated to 25 October 1917 Old Style Julian Calendar (O.S.), which corresponds with 7 November 1917 New Style (N.S.).Gregorian Calendar. It followed and capitalized on the February Revolution of the same year. -
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Bolshevik Revolution
The Bolshevik Revolution1917A.k.a. October Revolution, it was a political revolution, mass insurrection and a part of the Russian Revolution of 1917. It took place with an armed insurrection in Petrograd traditionally dated to 25 October 1917 Old Style Julian Calendar (O.S.), which corresponds with 7 November 1917 New Style (N.S.).Gregorian Calendar. -
Civil war in Russia
The Russian Civil WarIt was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed to the Soviets, under the domination of the Bolshevik party. Soviet forces first assumed power in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) and subsequently gained control throughout Russia. In Soviet historiography the period of the Civil War has traditionally been defined as 1918–21, but the war's skirmishes actually stretched from 1917–23. -
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Civil war in Russia
The Russian Civil WarIt was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed to the Soviets, under the domination of the Bolshevik party. Soviet forces first assumed power in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) and subsequently gained control throughout Russia. -
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Treaty of Brest-LitovskIt was a peace treaty between Russia and the Central Powers marking Russia's exit from World War I.While the treaty was practically obsolete before the end of the year, it did provide some relief to the Bolsheviks, who were tied up in fighting the Russian Civil War, and it affirmed the independence of Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Belarus, Ukraine, and Lithuania. In Poland, which was not mentioned in the treaty, its signing caused riots, protests and an end to any support for the Central Powers. -
Paris Peace Conference
The Paris Peace Conference and the Treaty of VersaillesIt was the meeting of the Allied victors following the end of World War I to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers following the armistices of 1918. It took place in Paris in 1919 and involved diplomats from more than 32 countries and nationalities. They met, discussed various options and developed a series of treaties for the post-war world. These treaties reshaped the map of Europe with new borders and countries, and imposed war guilt and stiff financial penalties on Germany. -
First meeting of the League of Nations
League of Nations ChronologyIt was an intergovernmental organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It was the first permanent international organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. Its primary goals, as stated in its Covenant, included preventing wars through collective security and disarmament, and settling international disputes through negotiation and arbitration. -
Lenin's Economic Policy
Lenin's New Economic Policy: What It Was and How It Changed the Soviet UnionIt was an economic policy proposed by Vladimir Lenin, who called it state capitalism. Allowing some private ventures, the NEP allowed small animal businesses or smoke shops, for instance, to reopen for private profit while the state continued to control banks, foreign trade, and large industries. It was officially decided in the course of the 10th Congress of the All-Russian Communist Party. -
Ataturk Proclaims Republic of Turkey
THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEYAtatürk's changes to Turkish society were a series of political, legal, cultural, social and economic policy changes that were designed to convert the new Republic of Turkey into a secular nation-state where practice of religion in various aspects of life was restricted. They were implemented under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in accordance with Kemalist ideology. -
First Soviet Five- Year Plan
Five Year PlanA.k.a. 1st Five-Year Plan, of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a list of economic goals, created by Joseph Stalin and based off his policy of Socialism in One Country, that was designed to strengthen the country's economy. This system of centralized control was copied from the German experience of WWI. -
US stock market crash
The 1929 Stock Market CrashA.k.a. the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the Great Crash, and the Stock Market Crash of 1929, it was the most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States, taking into consideration the full extent and duration of its fallout. The crash signaled the beginning of the 10-year Great Depression that affected all Western industrialized countries and did not end in the United States until 1947. -
Civil disobedience movement in India
Civil Disobedience MovementIt is the active, professed refusal to obey certain laws, demands, and commands of a government, or of an occupying international power. Civil disobedience is commonly, though not always, defined as being nonviolent resistance. It is one form of civil resistance. In one view (in India, known as ahimsa or satyagraha) it could be said that it is compassion in the form of respectful disagreement. -
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Civil disobedience movement in India
Civil Disobedience MovementIt is the active, professed refusal to obey certain laws, demands, and commands of a government, or of an occupying international power. Civil disobedience is commonly, though not always, defined as being nonviolent resistance. It is one form of civil resistance. -
Japanese invasion of Manchuria
JAPANESE CONQUEST OF MANCHURIA 1931-1932It occurred when Manchuria was invaded by the Kwantung Army of the Empire of Japan immediately following the Mukden Incident. The Japanese established a puppet state, called Manchukuo, and their occupation lasted until the end of World War II. -
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Japanese invasion of Manchuria
JAPANESE CONQUEST OF MANCHURIA 1931-1932It occurred when Manchuria was invaded by the Kwantung Army of the Empire of Japan immediately following the Mukden Incident. The Japanese established a puppet state, called Manchukuo, and their occupation lasted until the end of World War II. -
Hitler is ruler in Germany
Adolf HitlerHe was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP), commonly referred to as the Nazi Party). He was chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and dictator of Nazi Germany (as Führer und Reichskanzler) from 1934 to 1945. Hitler is commonly associated with the rise of fascism in Europe, World War II, and the Holocaust. -
Sandino is murdered in Nicaragua
AUGUSTO C. SANDINO – A NICARAGUAN LEGENDAugusto Nicolás Calderón Sandino was a Nicaraguan revolutionary and leader of a rebellion against the U.S. military occupation of Nicaragua between 1927 and 1933. He was labeled a bandit by the United States government, and his exploits made him a hero throughout much of Latin America, where he became a symbol of resistance to United States domination. Sandino was assassinated in 1934 by Gen. Anastasio Somoza García, who went on to seize power in a coup d'état two years later. -
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Hitler is ruler in Germany
Adolf HitlerHe was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP), commonly referred to as the Nazi Party). He was chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and dictator of Nazi Germany (as Führer und Reichskanzler) from 1934 to 1945. -
Long March by Chinese Communists
The Long March 1934 to 1935It was a military retreat undertaken by the Red Army of the Communist Party of China, the forerunner of the People's Liberation Army, to evade the pursuit of the Kuomintang (KMT or Chinese Nationalist Party) army. There was not one Long March, but a series of marches, as various Communist armies in the south escaped to the north and west. -
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Long March by Chinese Communists
The Long March 1934 to 1935It was a military retreat undertaken by the Red Army of the Communist Party of China, the forerunner of the People's Liberation Army, to evade the pursuit of the Kuomintang (KMT or Chinese Nationalist Party) army. There was not one Long March, but a series of marches, as various Communist armies in the south escaped to the north and west. -
Mussolini launches fascist movement
Mussolini and the Fascist Movement in ItalyA.k.a. Italian Fascism, it refers to the original fascist ideology in Italy. This ideology is associated with the National Fascist Party which under Benito Mussolini ruled the Kingdom of Italy from 1922 until 1943, the Republican Fascist Party which ruled the Italian Social Republic from 1943 to 1945, the post-war Italian Social Movement, and subsequent Italian neo-fascist movements. -
Stalin's "Great Purge" in USSR
The Great PurgeIt was a series of campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin. It involved a large-scale purge of the Communist Party and government officials, repression of peasants, Red Army leadership, and the persecution of unaffiliated persons, characterized by widespread police surveillance, widespread suspicion of "saboteurs", imprisonment, and arbitrary executions. It displayed Stalin's power-hungry paranoia. -
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Stalin's "Great Purge" in USSR
The Great PurgeIt was a series of campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin. It involved a large-scale purge of the Communist Party and government officials, repression of peasants, Red Army leadership, and the persecution of unaffiliated persons, characterized by widespread police surveillance, widespread suspicion of "saboteurs", imprisonment, and arbitrary executions. It displayed Stalin's power-hungry paranoia. -
Invasion of China by Japan
Second Sino-Japanese War: Japanese Invasion of China (1937-45))A.k.a. the Second Sino-Japanese War, it was a military conflict fought primarily between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. From 1937 to 1941, China fought Japan with some economic help from Germany (see Sino-German cooperation), the Soviet Union (1937–1940) and the United States (see American Volunteer Group). After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor (1941), the war merged into the greater conflict of World War II as a major front of what is broadly known as the Pacific War. -
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Invasion of China by Japan
Second Sino-Japanese War: Japanese Invasion of China (1937-45))A.k.a. the Second Sino-Japanese War, it was a military conflict fought primarily between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. From 1937 to 1941, China fought Japan with some economic help from Germany (see Sino-German cooperation), the Soviet Union (1937–1940) and the United States (see American Volunteer Group). -
Cardenas nationalizes oil industry in Mexico
OilA.k.a. Mexican oil expropriation, it was the expropriation of all oil reserves, facilities, and foreign oil companies in Mexico in 1938. It took place when President and General Lázaro Cárdenas declared that all mineral and oil reserves found within Mexico belong to the nation. It is one of the Fiestas Patrias of Mexico, celebrating the date when the President, General Lázaro Cárdenas, declared that all oil reserves found in Mexican soil belonged to the nation, -
German Anschluss with Austria
AnschlussIt was the occupation and annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany. Austria was annexed into the German Third Reich. On the morning of 12 March, the 8th Army of the German Wehrmacht crossed the border to Austria. The troops were greeted by cheering Austrian Germans with Nazi salutes, Nazi flags and flowers. Because of this, the Nazi annexing is also called the Blumenkrieg (war of flowers), but its official name was Unternehmen Otto. -
Invasion of Poland by Germany
INVASION OF POLAND, FALL 1939A.k.a. the September Campaign or 1939 Defensive War or Poland Campaign, was an invasion of Poland by Germany, the Soviet Union, and a small Slovak contingent that marked the beginning of World War II in Europe. It began one week after the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. It ended with Germany and the Soviet Union dividing and annexing the whole of Poland. -
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Invasion of Poland by Germany
INVASION OF POLAND, FALL 1939A.k.a. the September Campaign or 1939 Defensive War or Poland Campaign, was an invasion of Poland by Germany, the Soviet Union, and a small Slovak contingent that marked the beginning of World War II in Europe. It began one week after the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. It ended with Germany and the Soviet Union dividing and annexing the whole of Poland. -
German invasion of USSR
INVASION OF THE SOVIET UNION, JUNE 1941A.k.a. Operation Barbarossa, over 3.9 million troops of the Axis powers invaded the USSR along a 1,800 mi front. It is the largest invasion in the history of warfare. The ambitious operation, driven by Adolf Hitler's persistent desire to conquer the Russian territories, marked the beginning of the pivotal phase in deciding the victors of the war. It ultimately resulted in 95% of all German Army casualties from 1941 to 1944 and 65% of all Allied military casualties accumulated throughout the war. -
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German invasion of USSR
INVASION OF THE SOVIET UNION, JUNE 1941A.k.a. Operation Barbarossa, over 3.9 million troops of the Axis powers invaded the USSR along a 1,800 mi front. It is the largest invasion in the history of warfare. The ambitious operation, driven by Adolf Hitler's persistent desire to conquer the Russian territories, marked the beginning of the pivotal phase in deciding the victors of the war. It ultimately resulted in 95% of -
Soviet victory at Stalingrad
The Soviet Victory at StalingradThe Battle of Stalingrad was a major battle of World War II in which Nazi Germany and its allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad (now Volgograd) in southwestern Russia. It was the largest battle on the Eastern Front and was marked by brutality and disregard for military and civilian casualties. It is among the bloodiest battles in the history of warfare, with the higher estimates of combined casualties amounting to nearly two million; a turning point in the war. -
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Battle of Stalingrad
The Soviet Victory at StalingradIt was a major battle of World War II in which Nazi Germany and its allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad (now Volgograd) in southwestern Russia. It was the largest battle on the Eastern Front and was marked by brutality and disregard for military and civilian casualties. It is among the bloodiest battles in the history of warfare, with the higher estimates of combined casualties amounting to nearly two million; a turning point in the war. -
D-Day, Allied invasion at Normandy
D-Day, the Normandy Invasion, 6 - 25 June 1944A.k.a. Normandy landings, it was the landing operations of the Allied invasion of Normandy, in Operation Overlord, during World War II. The landings commenced on Tuesday, June 6, 1944 (D-Day), beginning at 6:30 AM British Double Summer Time (GMT+2). In planning, D-Day was the term used for the day of actual landing, which was dependent on final approval. -
Capture of Berlin by Soviet forces
The Soviets Capture BerlinA.k.a. Battle of Berlin, designated the Berlin Strategic Offensive Operation by the Soviet Union, was the final major offensive of the European Theatre of World War II. Starting on 16 April 1945, the Red Army breached the German front as a result of the Vistula–Oder Offensive and advanced westward as much as 40 kilometres a day through East Prussia, Lower Silesia, East Pomerania, and Upper Silesia, temporarily halting on a line 60 kilometres east of Berlin along the Oder River. -
Division of Berlin and German
ODE TO JOY AND FREEDOMThe Fall of the Berlin WallThe victorious Allied Powers reached the Potsdam Agreement on the fate of postwar Europe, calling for the division of defeated Germany into four temporary occupation zones (thus re-affirming principles laid out earlier by the Yalta Conference). These zones were located roughly around the current locations of the allied armies. he Soviet zone produced much of Germany's food supply, while the territory of the British and American zones had to rely on food imports even before the war. -
Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
The Bombing of Hiroshima and NagasakiDuring the final stages of World War II in 1945, the Allies of World War II conducted two atomic bombings against the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan.
Together with the United Kingdom and the Republic of China, the United States called for a surrender of Japan in the Potsdam Declaration on 26 July 1945, threatening Japan with "prompt and utter destruction". The Japanese government ignored this ultimatum, and two nuclear weapons developed by the Manhattan Project were deployed. -
Establishment of United Nations
United Nations (UN)The United Nations is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace. It was founded after World War II to replace the League of Nations, to stop wars between countries, and to provide a platform for dialogue. It contains multiple subsidiary organizations to carry out its missions; 193 members. -
Arab–Israeli War
The 1948–49 WarIt was fought between the State of Israel and a military coalition of Arab states and Palestinian Arab forces. It was the first in a series of wars in the continuing Arab–Israeli conflict. It was preceded by a period of civil war in the territory of the British Mandate for Palestine between Jewish Yishuv forces and Palestinian Arab forces in response to the UN Partition Plan. They fought mostly on the former territory of the British Mandate and for a short time also in the Sinai Peninsula. -
Creation of Israel
Formation of IsraelThe State of Israel declared independence and after almost two millennia of Jewish dispersal and persecution around the Mediterranean. From the late 19th century the Zionist movement worked towards the goal of creating a homeland for the Jewish people. Israeli independence has been marked by massive immigration of Jews, by conflict with the Palestinians and by wars with neighbouring Arab states. Since about 1970 the United States has been the principal ally of Israel; 42% of the Jews live here. -
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Arab–Israeli War
The 1948–49 WarIt was fought between the State of Israel and a military coalition of Arab states and Palestinian Arab forces. It was the first in a series of wars in the continuing Arab–Israeli conflict. It was preceded by a period of civil war in the territory of the British Mandate for Palestine between Jewish Yishuv forces and Palestinian Arab forces in response to the UN Partition Plan. -
Apartheid in South Africa
Apartheid (1948-1994)It was a system of racial segregation enforced through legislation by the National Party governments of South Africa, under which the rights of the majority non-white inhabitants of South Africa were curtailed and white supremacy and Afrikaner minority rule was maintained. Apartheid was developed after World War II by the Afrikaner-dominated National Party and Broederbond organizations and was practiced also in South West Africa, which was administered by South Africa under a League of Nations. -
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Apartheid in South Africa
Apartheid (1948-1994)It was a system of racial segregation enforced through legislation by the National Party governments of South Africa, under which the rights of the majority non-white inhabitants of South Africa were curtailed and white supremacy and Afrikaner minority rule was maintained. -
Establishment of NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization - Creation of natoRead more: Creation of nato - North Atlantic Treaty Organization http://www.americanforeignrelations.com/E-N/North-Atlantic-Treaty-Organization-Creation-of-nato.html#b#ixzz1qwRJKmoGThe North Atlantic Treaty Organization is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty NATO headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium, and the organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party. The alliance includes 28 members in North America and Europe. An additional 22 countries participate in NATO's Partnership for Peace. -
Establishment of People's Republic of China
The People's Republic Of China The People's Republic of China is often divided distinctly by historians into the "Mao era" and the "post-Mao era". The Mao era lasted from the founding of the People's Republic on October 1, 1949 to Deng Xiaoping's grip onto power and policy reversal at the Third Plenum of the 11th Party Congress on December 22, 1978. -
Korean War
The Korean War, June 1950 - July 1953 Introductory Overview and Special Image SelectionIt was a war between the Republic of Korea (supported primarily by the United States of America, with contributions from allied nations under the aegis of the United Nations) and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (supported by the People's Republic of China, with military and material aid from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics). -
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Korean War
The Korean War, June 1950 - July 1953 Introductory Overview and Special Image SelectionIt was a war between the Republic of Korea (supported primarily by the United States of America, with contributions from allied nations under the aegis of the United Nations) and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (supported by the People's Republic of China, with military and material aid from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics). -
French defeat at Dien Bien Phu
May 7, 1954:French defeated at Dien Bien PhuThe Battle of Điện Biên Phủ was the climactic confrontation of the First Indochina War between the French Union's French Far East Expeditionary Corps and Viet Minh communist-nationalist revolutionaries. The battle occurred between March and May 1954 and culminated in a comprehensive French defeat that influenced negotiations over the future of Indochina at Geneva. -
Algerian war of Liberation
Algerian National Liberation (1954-1962)It was a conflict between France and Algerian independence movements which led to Algeria gaining its independence from France. An important decolonization war, it was a complex conflict characterized by guerrilla warfare, maquis fighting, terrorism against civilians, the use of torture on both sides, and counter-terrorism operations by the French Army. It was also a civil war between loyalist Algerians who believed in a French Algeria and their insurrectionist Algerian Muslim counterparts. -
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Algerian war of Liberation
Algerian National Liberation (1954-1962)It was a conflict between France and Algerian independence movements which led to Algeria gaining its independence from France. An important decolonization war, it was a complex conflict characterized by guerrilla warfare, maquis fighting, terrorism against civilians, the use of torture on both sides, and counter-terrorism operations by the French Army. -
Establishment of Warsaw Pact
May 14, 1955:The Warsaw Pact is formed, or more commonly referred to as the Warsaw Pact, was a mutual defense treaty between eight communist states of Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The founding treaty was established under the initiative of the Soviet Union. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic organisation for the communist states of Eastern Europe. -
US troops in Vietnam
CHAPTER 28 The U.S. Army in Vietnam It was because of a Cold War-era military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia; Vietnam War. This war followed the First Indochina War and was fought between North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, supported by the U.S. and other anti-communist countries. U.S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations, involving ground forces, artillery, and airstrikes. -
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US troops in Vietnam
CHAPTER 28 The U.S. Army in Vietnam It was because of a Cold War-era military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia; Vietnam War. This war followed the First Indochina War and was fought between North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, supported by the U.S. and other anti-communist countries. U.S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations, involving ground forces, artillery, and airstrikes. -
Uprising in Hungary
The Hungarian Uprising of 1956A.k.a. the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, it was a spontaneous nationwide revolt against the government of the People's Republic of Hungary and its Soviet-imposed policies. Public discussion about this revolution was suppressed in Hungary for over 30 years, but since the thaw of the 1980s it has been a subject of intense study and debate. At the inauguration of the Third Hungarian Republic in 1989, October 23 was declared a national holiday. -
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Uprising in Hungary
The Hungarian Uprising of 1956A.k.a. the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, it was a spontaneous nationwide revolt against the government of the People's Republic of Hungary and its Soviet-imposed policies. Public discussion about this revolution was suppressed in Hungary for over 30 years, but since the thaw of the 1980s it has been a subject of intense study and debate. At the inauguration of the Third Hungarian Republic in 1989, October 23 was declared a national holiday. -
Suez crisis
The Suez CrisisA.k.a. Tripartite Aggression or Suez War, it was a diplomatic and military confrontation between Egypt on one side, and Britain, France and Israel on the other, with the United States, the Soviet Union and the United Nations playing major roles in forcing Britain, France and Israel to withdraw. The three allies, U.S., France, and Isreal; were mainly successful in attaining their immediate military objectives, but pressure from the U.S. and the USSR at the U.N.s and elsewhere forced withdrawal. -
Great leap forward in China
The Great Leap ForwardIt was an economic and social campaign of the Communist Party of China (CPC), reflected in planning decisions from 1958 to 1961, which aimed to use China's vast population to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a modern communist society through the process of rapid industrialization, and collectivization. Mao Zedong led the campaign based on the Theory of Productive Forces, and intensified it after being informed of the impending disaster from grain shortages. -
Castro comes to power in Cuba
An Outline of American History (1990)Chapter EightCastro Comes To Power In Cuba (11/22)He held the position of Prime Minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976, and then President from 1976 to 2008. He also served as the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba from the party's foundation in 1961 until 2011. Politically a Marxist-Leninist, under his administration the Republic of Cuba was converted into a multi-party socialist state, with industry and business being nationalised under state ownership and socialist reforms implemented in all areas of society. -
Sino-Soviet rift
Some Politico-Military Aspects of the Sino-Soviet RiftIt was the worsening of political and ideological relations between the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) during the Cold War. In the 1960s, China and the Soviet Union were the two largest Communist states in the world. The doctrinal divergence derived from Chinese and Russian national interests, and from the régimes' respective interpretations of Marxism: Maoism and Marxism–Leninism. -
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Sino-Soviet rift
Some Politico-Military Aspects of the Sino-Soviet RiftIt was the worsening of political and ideological relations between the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) during the Cold War. In the 1960s, China and the Soviet Union were the two largest Communist states in the world. The doctrinal divergence derived from Chinese and Russian national interests, and from the régimes' respective interpretations of Marxism: Maoism and Marxism–Leninism. -
Construction of Berlin Wall
The construction of the Berlin WallIt was a barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin. The barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls, which circumscribed a wide area that contained anti-vehicle trenches, "fakir beds" and other defenses. -
Creation of PLO
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)*The Palestine Liberation Organization is a political and paramilitary organization which was created in 1964. It is recognized as the "sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people" by the United Nations and over 100 states with which it holds diplomatic relations, and has enjoyed observer status at the United Nations since 1974. It was considered by the United States and Israel to be a terrorist organization until the Madrid Conference in 1991. -
Revolution in Iran
The Iranian RevolutionA.k.a. Islamic Revolution or 1979 Revolution, it refers to events involving the overthrow of Iran's monarchy (Pahlavi dynasty) under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and its replacement with an Islamic republic under Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the leader of the revolution. -
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Revolution in Iran
The Iranian RevolutionA.k.a. Islamic Revolution or 1979 Revolution, it refers to events involving the overthrow of Iran's monarchy (Pahlavi dynasty) under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and its replacement with an Islamic republic under Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the leader of the revolution. -
Iran–Iraq War
Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988)A.k.a. the First Persian Gulf War, it was an armed conflict between the armed forces of Iraq and Iran, lasting from September 1980 to August 1988, making it the longest conventional war of the 20th century.[12][13][14] It was initially referred to in English as the "Persian Gulf War" prior to the "Gulf War" of 1990. -
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Iran–Iraq War
Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988)A.k.a. the First Persian Gulf War, it was an armed conflict between the armed forces of Iraq and Iran, lasting from September 1980 to August 1988, making it the longest conventional war of the 20th century.[12][13][14] It was initially referred to in English as the "Persian Gulf War" prior to the "Gulf War" of 1990. -
Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan
15TH FEBRUARY 1989THE SOVIET WITHDRAWAL FROM AFGHANISTANThe withdrawal of Soviet combatant forces from the Afghanistan was successfully executed under the leadership of Colonel-General Boris Gromov who also was the last Soviet general officer to walk from the Afghanistan back into Soviet territory through the Afghan-Uzbek Bridge. The whole time, during the withdrawal over the border, troop convoys were coming under attack by Afghan fighters. In all 523 Soviet soldiers were killed during the withdrawal. -
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Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan
15TH FEBRUARY 1989THE SOVIET WITHDRAWAL FROM AFGHANISTANThe withdrawal of Soviet combatant forces from the Afghanistan was successfully executed under the leadership of Colonel-General Boris Gromov who also was the last Soviet general officer to walk from the Afghanistan back into Soviet territory through the Afghan-Uzbek Bridge. The whole time, during the withdrawal over the border, troop convoys were coming under attack by Afghan fighters. In all 523 Soviet soldiers were killed during the withdrawal. -
Persian Gulf War
Persian Gulf WarsA.k.a. Operation Desert Storm, commonly referred to as simply the Gulf War, was a war waged by a UN-authorized coalition force from 34 nations led by the United States, against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait.The war is also known under other names, such as the First Gulf War, Gulf War I, or the Iraq War, before the term "Iraq War" became identified instead with the 2003 Iraq War (also referred to in the U.S. as "Operation Iraqi Freedom"). -
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Persian Gulf War
Persian Gulf WarsA.k.a. Operation Desert Storm, commonly referred to as simply the Gulf War, was a war waged by a UN-authorized coalition force from 34 nations led by the United States, against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait.The war is also known under other names, such as the First Gulf War, Gulf War I, or the Iraq War, before the term "Iraq War" became identified instead with the 2003 Iraq War (also referred to in the U.S. as "Operation Iraqi Freedom"). -
Reunification of Germany
The Reunification of Germany and Its AftermathIt was the process in 1990 in which the German Democratic Republic (GDR/East Germany) joined the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG/West Germany), and when Berlin reunited into a single city, as provided by its then Grundgesetz constitution Article 23. The start of this process is commonly referred by Germans as die Wende (The Turning Point). The end of the unification process is officially referred to as German unity (German: Deutsche Einheit), celebrated on 3 October (German Unity Day). -
Collapse of USSR
FALL OF THE SOVIET UNIONOfficially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, this collapse left all fifteen republics of the Soviet Union as independent sovereign states. The dissolution of the world's largest communist state also marked an end to the Cold War. -
Transfer of Hong Kong to China
China Resumes Control of Hong Kong, Ending 156 Years of British RuleA.k.a. "the Handover" internationally and "the Return" or "The Reunification", it was the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China. -
Uprisings in Ukraine, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan
Uprising in KyrgyzstanA.k.a. the 2010 Kyrgyzstani revolution, was a series of riots and demonstrations across Kyrgyzstan that led ultimately to the ousting of President Kurmanbek Bakiyev. The uprising stemmed from growing anger against Bakiyev's administration, rising energy prices, and the sluggish economy, and follow the government's closure of several media outlets. Protesters took control of a government office in Talas clashes between protesters and police in the capital Bishkek turned violent. -
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Uprisings in Ukraine, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan
Uprising in KyrgyzstanA.k.a. the 2010 Kyrgyzstani revolution, was a series of riots and demonstrations across Kyrgyzstan that led ultimately to the ousting of President Kurmanbek Bakiyev. The uprising stemmed from growing anger against Bakiyev's administration, rising energy prices, and the sluggish economy, and follow the government's closure of several media outlets. Protesters took control of a government office in Talas clashes between protesters and police in the capital Bishkek turned violent.
