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Nov 6, 1415
Beggining of Portuguese Slave Trade
The Portuguese went on attack, beggining with the city Cueta in 1415. The assult combined aspects of a religioua crusade, a plundering expeditiion, and a military tournament in whih young Portuguese knights displayed their bravery.
The capture of the rich North African city, whose splended homes they reported, made those of a Portugal look like pigsties, also made the Portuguese better informed about the caravans that brought gold and slaves to Cueta from the African states south of the Sah -
Nov 18, 1453
Reign of Mehmed the Conqueror
In 1453 Sultan Mehmed II,"the conqueror," laid seige to Constantinople, using enormous cannon to bash in the city's walls, dragging warships over high hill from the Bosporus strait to the city's inner habor to avoid its sea defenses, and finally penetrating the city's land walls through series of infantry assaults.The fall of Constantinople-hence forth comonly known as Istanbul-brought over ekevn hundred years of Byzantine rule to an end and made the Ottomans seem invincible. -
Nov 17, 1460
Henry the Navigator
In 1460 Prince Henry the Navigator died but work continued at Sagres under the direction of Henry's nephew, King John II of Portugal. The institute's expeditions continued to venture south and then rounded the Cape of Good Hope and sailed to the east and throughout Asia over the next few decades. -
Nov 17, 1468
Sunni Ali
(r. 1464 to 1492) .Hewas the first king of the Songhai Empire, and also was the 15th century emperor being the king of the Sonni dynasty. In Sunni Ali's rule, many cities were captured and then fortified, such as Timbuktu (captured in 1468) and Djenne (captured in 1475). Sonni conducted a strict policy against the scholars of Timbuktu, especially those of the Sankore region who were working with the Tuareg whom Ali couldn't to gain control of the town -
Jan 10, 1488
Dias' voyage into Indian Ocean
Bartolomeu Dias, a nobleman of the Portuguese royal household, was a Portuguese explorer. He sailed around the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488, the first European known to have done so. He has explored the southern tip of India to find a trade route. -
Nov 17, 1492
Columbian Exchange
The Columbian exchange refers to the transfer of peoples, animals, plants, and diseases between the New and Old Worlds. The European invasion and settlement of the Western Hemisphere opened a long era of biological and technological transfers that altered American environments -
Nov 17, 1492
Columbus' first voyage
In October 1492 the expidition reached the islands of the Caribbean. Columbus insisted on calling the inhabitants "Indians" because believed that the islands were part of the East Indies. -
Dec 17, 1500
Mughal Dynasty
Babur (1482-1530), the founder of the Mongol Empire, descended from Timur. Though Mughal mens "Mongol" in Persian, the Timurids were of Turkic rather than Mogol origin. Timur's marriage to a descendant of Genhis Kahn had earned him the Mongol designation "son-in-law," but like the Ottomans, his family did not enjoy the politcal legitmacy that came with Genghisid descent experienced by lesser rulers in Central Asia and in Crimea north of black sea. -
Nov 18, 1502
Safavid Empire
The Safavid Empire of Iran resembled its longtime Ottoman foe in many ways: it initially used land grants to support its all-important cavalry; its population spoke several languages; it foucsed land rather than sea power; and urban notables, nomadic chieftains, and religious scholars served intermediaries between the people and the government.Certain other qualities, such as royal tradition rooted in pre-Islamic legends and adaption of Shi'ism, continue to the present day to set Iran off from N -
Jan 17, 1515
Martin Luther
A young professor of sacred sripture, Martin Luther (1483-14546), objected to the way the new indulgence was preached. As the result of a powerful religious experience, Luther had forsaken money and marriage for a monastic life of prayer, selfl-denial, and study. He found personal cosolation in his own religious quest in passage in Saint Paul's Epistle of the Romans that argued that salvation came from "doing certain things" but from religious faith -
Nov 17, 1519
Songhai Empire
The great Songhi Empire of West Africa was pushing its dominion ito the Sahara from the south. Like its predecessor Mali, Songhai drew its wealth from the trans-saharan trade and was ruled by an indigenous Muslim dynasty. Songhi'sarmy of forty thousand cavalry and foot soilders fced the survivors in 1519, but could not withstand the Moroccan's twenty-five hundred muskets -
Nov 17, 1520
Moctezma
From hi glorious capital city Tenchtitlan, the Aztec emperor Moctezuma sent messengers to greet Cortes and determine whether he was god or man, friend or foe. There was an eventual battle in which he died in which resulted in Spanish survivors to retreat from a city and rebuild their strength. -
Dec 17, 1521
The Spanish Conquest of Mexico
The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire was one of the most significant events in the Spanish colonization of the Americas. The invasion began in February, 1519, and was declared victorious on August 13, 1521, when a coalition army of Spanish conquistadors and Tlaxcalan warriors led by Hernán Cortés and Xicotencatl the Younger captured Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec Empire. -
Nov 18, 1529
Reign of Suleiman the Magnificent
The son of Selim I, Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 15200-1566), known to his subjects as Suleiman Kanuni,"the Lawgiver," commanded the greatest Ottoman assult on Christiant Europe. Suleiman seemed unstoppable as he onquered Belgrade in 11521. expelled the Knights of the Hospital of St. John from the island of Rhodes the following year, and laid seige to Vienna in 1529 -
Jun 16, 1535
John Calvin
John Calvin, a well educated Frenchman who turned from study of law to theology after experiencing a religious conversation, became a highly influential Protestant leader. As a young man, Calvin published The instatutes of the Christian Religion, a masteful synthesis of Christian teachings, in 1535 -
Dec 17, 1542
Council of Trent
A council that met a city of Trent, in nothern Italy, in three sessions between 1545 and 1563 painstakingly distinguished proper Catholic doctrines from Protestant "errors." The council also reaffirmed the supremacy of the pope and called for a umber of reforms, including requiring each bishop to reside in his diocese and each disoese to have a theological seminary to train priests. Included the Catholic Reformation for super christians. -
Reign of Akbar
Babur's grandson Akbar (r.1556-1605), a brilliant but mercurial man whose illiteracy betrayed his upbringing in the wilds of Afghanistan, estab;ished the central administration of the expaning state. Under him and three successors-the last of whom died in 1707-allbut the southern tip of India fell under Mughal rule, administered first from Agra and then from Delhi. -
Tokugawa Shogunate
After Hideyoshi's demise, japanee leaders brought the civil wars to an end, and in 1603 they establisged a more centralized government. A new shogan, Tokugawa leyasu (1542-1616), had gained the upper hand in the conflict and established a new military government known as the Tokugawa Shongunate. -
Galileo Galilei
In 1609, be built a telescope through which he took a closer look in outer space. Able to magnify distant objects thirty times beyond power of the naked eye, Galileo saw that heavily bodies were not perfectly smooth spheres of the Aristotelians such as the moon. -
England’s Glorious Revolution
Before it would authourize new taxes, Parliment insisted on strict garuntees that the king would neve ignore the body's traditional rights. These King Charles refused to grant. When he ordered the arrest of his leading critics in the House of Commons in 1642, he plunged the kingdom into the Englsih Civil War. -
Manchu Empire
With the emperor ead by his own hand and imperial family in flight,a Ming general invited Machu leaders to help his forces take Beijing from the rebels. The Manchu did so in the summer of 1644. Rather than resorting the MIng, they claimed China for their own and began a forty-year conquest of the rest of the Ming territories. By the end of the century, the Manchu had gained control of South China and incoporated the island of Taiwan into imperial China(1st time). Conquered Mongolia and C. Asia -
Qing Dyansty
A Manchu family headed the new Qing Empire, and Manchu generals commanded the military forces. But Manchu were a very small portion of the population, and one of several minority populations. The overwhlming majority of Qing officials,soilders, merchants, and farmers were ethnic Chinese.Like other successful invadors of China, the Qing soon adopted Chinese institutions and policies. -
Thirty Years War (end)
The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) was a series of wars principally fought in Central Europe, involving most of the countries of Europe. It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, and one of the longest continuous wars in modern history. It was fought largely as a religious war between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, although disputes over internal politics and the balance of power within the Empire played a significant part. -
John Locke
In his influential Seond Treatise of Civil Government (1690), the English political philosopher John Locke (1632-1704) disputed monarchial claims to absolute authority by devine right.Rather, he argued, rulers derived their authority from the consent of the governed and, like everyone else, subjec to law. -
Peter the Great
The greatest of the Romanovs was Tsar Peter the Great (r. 1689-1725), who made major changes to reduce Russia's isolation and increase the empire's size and power. Tsar Peter was remembered for his efforts to turn Russia away from tis Asian culture connections and toward what he deemed the civilization of some time. -
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire grew from a tiny nucleus in 1300 to encompass most of southeastern Europe by the late 15th centry. Mamluk Syria and Egypt succumbed in the early 16th century, leaing the Ottomans with the largest Muslim empire since the original Islamic Caliphate in the 17th century. However, the empire resembled the new centralized monarchies of Europe and Spain more than any medival group. -
Russian Empire
From the modect beginnings in 1500, Russia expanded rapidy durring the next three centuries to create an empire that stretched from eastern Europseacross the northern Asia and into North America. Russia also became one o the major powers of Europe by 1750, with armies capable of mounting challenges to its Asian and European neighbors.
