-
Period: Jan 1, 1299 to
Ottoman Empire
-largest muslim empire since original Islamic caliphate
-Patriarchial society
-destroyed Byzantine Empire
3 REASONS EMPIRE GREW-
1) Power of its' founder Osman and his descendants
2) Control of strategic lik\nk between Europe and Asia at Gallipoli
3) Creation of an armytook advantage of the traditional skills of Turkish cavalry-men/ new military possibilities presented by gunpowder and Chrstian prisoners(military slaves) -
Period: Jan 1, 1340 to
Songhai Empire
-rose after reconquering Mali
-drew its wealth from the trans-Saharan trade
-Ruled by an indigenous Muslim dynasty
-stretched from the Atlantic to the land of the Hausa
-fell after internal political collapse , attacked by Morocco
-economic foundation was the gold fields, salt and sale of slaves -
Period: Mar 4, 1394 to Nov 13, 1460
Prince Henry the Navigator
-Portuguese Promoted study of navigation
-became aware of possible profit in Saharan Trade Routes and became fascinated w/ Africa
-explorations helped advance study of geography
-1416; Established a base for explorations & added a naval arsenal & observatory in Porugal
-started school for study of geography and navigation -
Jan 1, 1441
Beginning of Portuguese Slave Trade
-flow of sugar depended on the flow of slaves from Africa
-during the 1st years of America's discovery some 800,000 africans were sent across the Atlantic
-during the big increase of sugar production, slave trade amounted
-half landed in West Indies, and one third in Brazil, North America imported 5% and the rest went to other Spanish America places
-Poruguese had nearly 30% of Atlantic Slave Trade -
Period: Jan 1, 1451 to Jan 1, 1481
Reign of Mehmed the Conqueror
-Laid seige to Constantinople; brought Byzantine Empire to an end
-used enormous cannons to destroy city walls
-continued conquest in Asia w/ Anatolian reunification and in Europe
-Known as national hero in Turkey -
Period: Jan 1, 1464 to Jan 1, 1492
Reign of Sunni Ali
-Was the first king of the Songhai Empire
-located in West Africa
-Great military leader, also called Ali Ber
-Conquered many lands and made them stronger -
Period: Jan 1, 1466 to Jun 29, 1520
Moctezuma
-Reigned from (1502-1520), Aztec Emperor
-He welcomed the Spanish and did not resist
-When Cortes arrived in 1519. Moctezuma thought the Spanish were descendants of the God Quetzalcoatl
-Allowed Spaniards to enter Tenochtitlan unopposed and was captured and held hostage by Cortes
-Started battle between Aztecs and Spaniards -
Period: Nov 10, 1483 to Feb 18, 1546
Martin Luther
-young professor of Sacred scripture
-objected tot he way the indulgences were preached
-wrote to Pope asking to stop the abuse and challenged the preachers to a debate on the theology of Indulgences
-Pope saw his letter as challenge to papal power and moved to silence him
-Rejected Pope's authority and began movement known as Protestant Reformation -
Jan 10, 1488
Dias's Voyage into Indian Ocean
-voyage around Southern tip of Africa opened sea routes between Europe and Asia
-by 1488, without knowing he had rounded the African Continent
-established a sea route from Atlantic to Indian Ocean
-discovered "Cape of Good Hope" (southern most tip of African Continent) -
Jan 1, 1492
Columbian Exchange
-transfer of people's, animals, plants, and diseases between the New and Old Worlds
-began new revolution in the Americas and Europe
-wide variety livestock that in the long term increased population -
Aug 3, 1492
Colunbus's First Voyage
-tried to find alternative route to India
-He insisted he had arrived to India but arrived to the "New World"
-Refused to accept he had found unknown continents and peoples, he thought he had found a shorter route to the Indian Ocean than the one Portuguese had found -
Period: Jan 1, 1502 to
Safavid Empire
-Iranian Kingdom
-main rivals were Ottamans/Mughals
-adopted shi'ite theology
-govt. fostered international trade
-Economy remained constircted and declined after reign of Abbar I; less market orriented
-subsequent rulers were ineffective
-women had considerable freedom, not equal to mean but many had rights
-trade routes shifted, causing a loss of commerce and trade -
Period: Jul 10, 1509 to May 27, 1564
John Calvin
-Highly influential Protestant Leader
-He believed God "pre-destined" people who would receive salvation
-Published "The Institutes of the Christian Religion" a masterful synthesis of Christian teachings in 1535 -
Period: Nov 8, 1519 to Aug 13, 1521
Spanish Conquest of Mexico
-Spanish conquistadors led by Hernan Cortes
-after an attack on Nauhtlan, Cortes took Moctezuma captive in his palace -
Period: Jan 1, 1520 to Jan 1, 1566
Reign of Suleiman the Magnificent
-commanded greatest Ottoman assault on Christian Europe
-His reign was concidered a golden age when the imperial system worked to perfection
-seemed unstoppable after conquering Belgrade, expelling the knights of the hospital St. John from the Island of Rhodes,a nd laying seige to Vienna -
Period: Jan 1, 1526 to
Mughal Dynasty
-Ruled most of Southern India
-Mughal emperors were muslims and direct descendants of Ghengis Khan
-India progressed in culture and economy and reliogious harmony
-Power was limited
-during Shah Jahan's reign they had a golden age of architecture and arts
-advances in observational astronomy
-main force contributing to destroy them was the Hindu Maratha Empire -
Period: Dec 13, 1545 to Dec 19, 1563
Council of Trent
-Heart and Soul of Catholic Reformation
-distinguished proper Catholic doctrines from Protestant "errors"
-reaffirmed the supremacy of the Pope and called for a number of reforms
-condemned Protestantism
-solidified Church's interpretaion of Bible
-attempted to correct corruption w/ Catholic church
-defined relationship between faith and good works for salvation -
Period: Jan 1, 1556 to
Reign of Akbar
-illiteracy betrayed his upbringing of Afghanistan, established central admisnistraion of the expanding state
-religious liberalism
-under himself and his 3 succesors all but the Southern tip of India fell into Mughal rule
-granted land revenues to military official/govt. officials in return for their service
-declared himself as "God's infallible earthly Representative"
-India enjoyed great prosperity under his rule
-1st to initiate and utilize metal cylinder rockets known as "Bans" -
Period: Feb 15, 1564 to
Galileo Galilei
*Italian philosopher, physicist, mathematician, and astronomer
-1609; built a telescope through which he took a closer look at the heavens
-able to magnify distant objects thirty times beyond the power of the naked eye
-played an important role in Scientific Revolution
-challenged Aristotle's concepts of motion
-his thoughts were later incorporated into Newton's Low of Gravitation -
Period: to
Tokugawa Shogunate
-new military government established by Tokugawa Ieyasu
-gave japan more politcal unity, regional lords
-center of hostility to Christianity
-began beheadings, crucifixions, and forced recantations
*destroyed entire Christian community
-destablizing the govt. was the Shogunate's inability to stabilize rice prices and halt the economic decline of the samurai
-economy grew faster than population
-put into place political and economic system that fostered innovation -
Period: to
Thirty Years' War
-caused long-lasting deopopulation and econimic decline in Holy Roman Empire
-intially caused by religious conflict; in the pursuit of power monarchs caused widespread devastation and death
-wars also produced improvements in skill of European armed forces and weaponry; made them the most powerful in the world -
Period: to
John Locke
-English politcal philosopher
-disputed monarchial claims to absolute authority by divine right
-argued that rules derived their authority from the consent of the governed, and like everyone else, were subject to the law -
Period: to
Qing Dynasty
-became highly intergrated w/ Chinese culture
-expanded by trade between regions and a higher dependence on oversea trade, and increase in population
-trade of silver expanded money supply
-high levels of literacy, publishing industry and Confucian emphasis
-Ended in wars, rebellions, natural disasters. famines & invasions
-Europeans defeated Qing army and were forced to give up trade ports
-Protestant/Evangelical missionaries came, biggest religion change many people converted -
Period: to
Manchus Empire
-established Qing Empire
-continued Confucian court practices, temple rituals and Confucian Civil Service Examination
-Forbidden to engage in trade or maual labor
-under Manchu rule the emipre grew -
Period: to
Peter the Great
-Russian Tsar
-(r. 1689-1725); introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite
-made major changes to reduce Russia's isolation and increase the empire's size and power
-remembered for his efforts to turn Russia away from its Asian cultural connections
-organized his own military
-goal of Peter's westernization startegy was to strenthen the Russian state and inrease power of the tsar -
Enlgand's Glorious Revolution
-Established victory of Parliament over the king
-Parliament limited the monarchs power and issued the Bill of Rights
-Replaced King James II w/ Mary and her husband William
-failed to limit power of parliaments and didn't create any bodies to protect constitutional law
-didn't represent broadening of freedom but espansion of servitude -
Period: to
Russian Empire
-Branch of slavic peoples of Western Europe and Orthodox Christians
-trade of fur and forest products helped ease the isolation and fund further conquests
-Islam replaced Christianity ast he dominant religion
-as centralized power rose, freedom of peasants fell
-law changed peasants to serfs
-forced labor remained common
