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The day I was born
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experiencing the world through senses and actions (looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, and grasping)
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trust vs. mistrust- if needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust
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preconventional morality: before age 9, most childrens morality focuses on self-interest: they obey rules either to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards
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Secure attachment is when mothers are very warm and open to their children, causing them to feel distressed when separated from the mother.
Insecure attachment is when infants avoid attachment because their mothers are not as warm -
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Difficult babies: more irritable, intense, and unpredictable.
Easy babies: more cheerful, relaxed, and predictable in feeding and sleeping
slow-to-warm-up babies: tend to resist or withdraw from new people and situations -
autonomy vs. shame and doubt: toddlers learn to excersise their will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities
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representing things with words and images; using intuitive rather than logical reasoning
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initiative vs. guilt: preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about their efforts to be independent
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industry vs. inferiority: children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior
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Thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing artithmetical operations
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conventional morality: by early adolescence, morality focuses on caring for others and on upholding laws and social rules, simply because they are laws and rules
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Abstract reasoning
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changes in girls during puberty: breasts, pubic hair, acne, growth
changes in boys during puberty: body hair, voice change, acne, growing -
identity vs. role confusion: teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are
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postconventional morality: with the abstract reasoning of formal operational thought, people may reach a third moral level. Actions are judged "right" because they flow from people's rights or from self-defined, basic ethical principles
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intimacy vs. isolation: young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated
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cognitive changes: crystallized intelligence is our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills, this increases with age.
fluid intelligence: our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; decreses during late adulthood
dementia: substantial loss of brain cells can cause this mental erosion
Alzheimer's disease: symptoms are not normal aging, a series of small strokes, a brain tumor, or alcohol dependence can progressively damage the brain causing Alzheimers -
sensory abilities decrease with age. Visual sharpness diminishes, distance and perception decrease, neural processing slows down
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gradual decline in fertility (female)
gradual decline in sperm count and testosterone (male) older people become more susceptible to short-term illnesses, brain neurons die, become senile in later life, memory declines, life satisfaction declines -
generativity vs. stagnation: in middle age, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose
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Midlife transition: the discontent of boredom with a persons life causing a change in their lifestyle
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when a woman ages, her fertility gradually declines and it ends her menstrual cycle.
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menopause: when a woman ages, fertility decreases and it stops her menstrual cycle.
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integrity vs. despair: reflecting on his or her life, an older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure