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Period: 1450 to
EHAP
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1453
End of the Hundred Years' War
a conflict between the kingdoms of England and France and a civil war in France during the Late Middle Ages -
1455
Invention of the Printing Press
invented by Johannes Gutenberg led to increase in literacy rates contributed to Renaissance increased distribution of bible, Shakespeare, Galilei, Martin Luther and Gutenberg -
Period: to
Thirty Years War
The Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand II imposed Roman Catholic absolutism over all of his domains, but the Protestant peoples of these lands resisted his rule. Various European powers were involved in this conflict, with the primary anti-Catholic powers being Sweden and the United Netherlands. Additionally, French rivalry vs the Habsburgs further escalated this violence. -
Defenestration of Prague
Bohemian Protestant resisted Catholic Habsburg rule by throwing imperial regents from the windows of the Prague Castle. This represents the first act of Bohemian rebellion versus Ferdinand II, and marked the beginning of the Thirty Years' War. -
Peace of Westphalia
Marked the end of religious wars in Europe
Amended the Peace of Augsburg to include Calvinism as a legit faith
Officially marked the end of the medieval idea of a universal Christendom
Kept the HREmperor weak and the rulers of individual states strong
In that way hastened the decline of the HRE -
Congress of Vienna
The end of the Napoleonic Wars. Organized by Metternich; Austria, Prussia, Russia among other powers joined together to decide the fate of Europe. It restored the Bourbons to France (Louis XVIII) and Spain (Ferdinand II). To restrain France, it was encircled by strengthened powers including: the Netherlands, the German Confederation dominated by Austria, Switzerland, and Sardinia. It also made a new system of diplomacy to restrain further conflicts called the Concert of Europe.