AP Euro Timeline Project Pt.1

Dante's Inferno-Cultural

Nov 29, 1317

Inferno Italian for Hell. This poem is the first part of Dante's Divine Comedy. It is an allegory talking about Dante's journey through Hell as he is being guided by the Roman poet Virgil. The representation of Hell within this allegory is alluding to the trip of the soul as it travels towards God. Hell is defined by nine circles of suffering.

Petrarch dies-Intellectual

Jul 19, 1374

He dies in Arqua in the Euganean Hills near Padua. He died one day before his seventieth birthday. Petrarch was a philosopher and a poet and his major acomplishment s include his theory of humanism which influenced much of the Renaissance.

Jan Hus burned-Intellectual

Jul 6, 1415

Jan Hus was a philosopher and relgious activist. He is most famously known for exposing the many brutalities of the church. He condemned many churches in his sermons because of certain practices like worsipping in Czech rather than in Latin. He believed that Christ was the head of the Church, not the Pope and that Church officials should be responsible for excercising spiritual authority.

Jan Van Eyck paints Wedding of Arnolfini-Cultural

Nov 29, 1434

PicMedium: oil on oak panel
It is presumed that Giovanni di Nicolao Arnolfini and his wife are being depicted in this frame. He uses an orthogonal perspective ( using a mirror to reflect space). Some historians find this painting strange because it solidifies a marriage contract in the form of art. Within the painting the fiures are richly dressed as to show their social status as wealthy merchants. The types of furniture that surround the room as well as their clothing demonstrates their wealth.

Johannes Guttenburg Printing Press- Intellectual

Nov 29, 1439

The invention of the printing press was one of the most important inventions of the age because it made it possible for influential literary works to be put into circulation. The Renaissance, Reformation and the Age of Enlightenment were all significantly impacted by the printing press which spread knowledge and news to citizens far and wide. Movable type allowed books and literary pamphlets to be printed speedily and efficiently.

Constantinople Falls-Political

May 29, 1453

The Ottomans invaded Constantinople, which was the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire aka. the Byzantine Empire. The Ottoman leader was Sutan Mehmed II who fought against COnstantine XI Palaiologos. Through the conquest of Constantinople, the Byzantine Empire met its demise after nearly 1500 years.

Ferdinand and Isabella Marry-Political

Oct 29, 1469

The marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella made it possible for all dominions of Spain to unite and thus making Spain a top world power. In order to bring all independent Spanish dominions together, the Spanish Inquissition was introduced in 1478.

Botticelli's Primavera-Cultural

Period: Nov 29, 1477 to Nov 29, 1482

This is also known as the Allegory of Spring. This painting is an ellegory for the blossoming of Spring. It could also be depicting Neoplatonic Love. The fram itself includes six female figures and two male and a putto. This mythological allegory is alluding to a love story between Zephyrus and Chloris.

Spain invades Granada-Poltical

Period: Nov 29, 1482 to Nov 29, 1492

During the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, a campaign was embarked on because ofthe ensuing conflict with the Nasrid dynasts of the Emirate of Granada. The Spanish won, defeating Granada and ending Islamic rule in te Iberian penninsula.

Spenger and Kramer's Witches Hammer-Intellectual

Nov 29, 1486

Malleus Maleficarum is basically a treatise about the procedure of witch trials. It included a rather brutal approach to dealting with those accused of witchcraft.

Columbus sails to the New World-Political

Aug 3, 1492

Ferdinand and Isabella sponsor Coloumbus' voyage to the New World in hopes of spreading Catholicism to whatever peoples are inhabitig the land. Also, they hope to caim free land and gain riches through trade or simply finding gold for the taking. During this time that the monarchy highly encouraged exploration and conquest in the New World, Spain experiened a boom in the economy because of the influx of many goods and profitable trade.

Da Vinci paints Last Supper-Culture

Period: Nov 29, 1495 to Nov 29, 1498

This painting depicts Jesus and his disciples at the table when Jesus givs them the news that one of them sitting at the very table would betray him the night he is arrested. The painting is very detailed in the way it portrays each disciple's reaction to the news. Geometric arragement is used in this painting with the placement of the vanishing line and some historians believe there is also a triangular arrangment.

Vasco De Gama sails around Africa-Poltics

Nov 29, 1497

The Portugues explorere sailed from Lisbon in hopes of reaching Indianan open a sea route from Europe to the East. But he sailed down the western coast of Africa and instead made multiple stops in Africa before reaching the trading post in Calicut, India. For his efforts he became very popular and made a second trip to Indian in 1502 unfortunately conflcting with the Muslim traders in the region.

Michelangelo's David-Culture

Period: Nov 29, 1501 to Nov 29, 1504

The David is a very detailed sculpture that eficiently utilizes concepts of the day such as conrapposto and the feeling of motion in the sculpture itself.

Da Vinci paints the Mona Lisa

Period: Nov 29, 1503 to Nov 29, 1517

Art

St.Peters Basilica-Culture

Period: Apr 18, 1506 to Nov 18, 1626

Has many architects and artists involved, one being Michelangelo
One of the largest churches in the world, very elaborate

Michelangelo paints Sistine Chapel-Culture

Period: Nov 29, 1508 to Nov 29, 1512

Medium: Fresco
Major works, The Last Judgement, Book of Genesis, The Creation of Adam

Henry VIII becomes King-Political

Apr 21, 1509

Henry VIII was notorious for having six wives and his brutal behavior towards them. His many military accomplishments include having some of the largest invasions of France and being the Father of the Enlish Navy. He led the relgious Reformation in England, changing the religion from Catholicism to Protestantism, through the dissolution of monasteries. He established the Church of England in 1534. He managed to decrease the power of the Nobles and increase the power of Parliament.

Raphael paints School of Athens-Cutural

Nov 29, 1509

Medium: Fresco
The School of Athens represents philosophy because it includes many of the great thinkers of the time. Plato and Aristotle are indluded in the frame. Many historians believe that all of the famous Greek philosophers can be found in this fresco. Many of them are in fervent discussion or gazing into the heavens or the distance implying the foresight or quest for knowledge of things to come.

Pope Leo X-Social

Period: Mar 13, 1513 to Dec 1, 1521

Pope Leo X is the Roman pope whose combination of extravagance and neglect helped provoke the Reformation in the sixteenth century. He was born Giovanni de Medici, the second son of Florentine ruler Lorenzo de Medici

Father Bartolome De Las Casas writes Charles V-Diplomacy

Nov 30, 1515

De Las Cases was a Spanish historian and social reformer. He was dubbed the "Protector of the Indians" because of his extensive camaigns for the inhumane treatment of the Naives in the New World which he catologged in writings like A Short Acount of the Destruction of the Indies.He was one of the first Europeans to land in the New World, but after sme time of seeing the various atrocities imposed on the Indins, he decided to write to Charles V detailing the horrors imposed.

Thomas More prints Utopia-Intelectual

Nov 29, 1516

This book is basically a narrative primarily detailing a fictional island society and the religious, social, and political cutoms. The concept of Utopia as a whole is a perfect society, a place with a structure that is primarily unattainable in reality.

Martin Luther's 95 Theses-Intellectual

Oct 13, 1517

Martin Luther worte the 95 Theses in hopes of explaining to the Catholics the unjust things that were going on behind their doors. He wrote these 95 grievances and posted them on the church door in Wittenberg. These greievances included disputation against nepotism, simony, usury, pluralism, and the sale of infulgences. His posting of the 95 Theses is thought to have been a major turning point in European history and a catalyst for the Reformation.

Da Vinci Dies-Cultural

May 2, 1519

Da Vinci was a man of many talents. He was thought to be one of the greatest painters of his time. He was so multi-talented that he embodied the humanist thought that was prevalent during the Renaissance. He is often times linked to the archetypal Renaissance man becuase of his unbridled curiousity and multi-faceted talents. Some of his most notable works are the Mona Lisa, the Last Supper, and the Vitruvian Man.

Charles V becomes HRE Emporer-Politics

Nov 29, 1519

Charles V experienced huge challeneges during his reign. The states over which he was the ruler, were already highly fragmented. He was aso tasked with fighting the continuous against the Turks in Hungary and the Balkans. He had many entities pulling him in different directinos of action and so he had to decide what to do. For most of his reign he attempted to combat enemies in one part of his contry while others convened elsewhere.

Magellan starts voyage around the world-Politics

Nov 29, 1519

His first voyage was composed of a flet of five ships in hopes of dicovering a western sea route from Spain in 1519 in order to discover a western sea rout to the Spice Islands. On his way there he discovered what we know today as the Strait of Magellan. He became the first European to cross the Pacific Ocean.

Diet of Worms-Diplomacy

May 25, 1521

The Edict of Worms was the major part of the Diet or a formal deliberative assembly. The Edict talked about Martin Luther and the effects of the Protestant Reformation. Emperor Charles V presided.

Cortes Conquers Aztecs

Aug 13, 1521

Cortes conquered the Aztecs so easily because the Aztec chief Montezuma thought these explorers were practically Gods and so he greeted them in awe and reverence. Seeing this Cortes, took advantage of the situation and tok Montezuma hostage. Through this he was able to rule the Aztecs and manipulate them to do whatever he pleased.

France Vs. Spain/ HRE in the Italian Wars

Period: Nov 29, 1521 to Nov 29, 1526

The Italian War of 1521–26, sometimes known as the Four Years' War,[1] was a part of the Italian Wars. The war pitted Francis I of France and the Republic of Venice against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Henry VIII of England, and the Papal States. The anger arose over the election of EMperor Charles and then Pope Leo X working with Charles agaist MArtin Luther.

Erasmus writes In Praise of Folly-Intellectual

Nov 29, 1523

In The Praise of Folly is an essay written in Latin. It begins with a satire where Folly praises herself which leads into darker orations. Folly praises self-deception, madness, and also examines the superstitious deeds of the Catholic doctring and corrupt practices in parts of the Catholic Church. At the end, the essay blatantly states Christian ideals.

German Peasant's Revolt-Social

Nov 29, 1525

A widespread revolt in German-speaking areas of Central Europe because of high taxation. The revolt failed because of the opposition ofthe aristocracy who killed a large portion of the unprepared peasants.

Marbourg Colloquy-Diplomacy

Nov 29, 1529

A meeting in Marbourg, Germany which attempted to resolve a dispute between Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli because of the presence of Christ in the Lord's supper. Philipp I also wanted to unite the Protestant states which is why this debate between two prominent relgious activists was so crucial.

Machiavelli Publishes The Prince-Intellectual

Nov 29, 1532

The Prince is a very important literary work and is still used for many leaders today, as a reference, Machiavelli basically establishes the top qualities of a good ruler, leader, prince. One of the popular sayings in The Prince, is that it is better to be feared than hated. The people must have a firm confidence in their leaders words.

Pizarro Conquers Incas-Politics

Aug 29, 1533

Pizarro coquers the Incas through executing Athualpa, the 13th and last emperor of the Inca Empire. The 300 year existence of the Inca Empire had come to a close.

Thomas More Executed-Intellectual

Jul 6, 1535

This important Renaissance humanist who is most notably remembered for his story Utopia. He was executed by decaptiation and is remembered for saying, "I pray you, I pray you, Mr Lieutenant, see me safe up and for my coming down, I can shift for myself"; while on the scaffold he declared that he died "the king's good servant, but God's first."

Ignatius of Loyola founds the Jesuits-Cultural

Apr 19, 1541

He founded the Society pf Jesus in which his followers were firmly grounded in the thought that poverty, chastity, obedience to Christ, and obedience to the Pope were the fundamental elements to living a good life. Intius was a major leader during the Counter- Reformation.

El Greco Born-Culture

Nov 29, 1541

Paintor, Sculptore, Architect
He was a master painter but he rejected naturalism as well as the idea of art being easily accessibe to the public. He attempted to recieved royal patronage from King Philip II, but then turned to Diego de Castilla. He painted a group of works forthe altar of the church of Sant Domingo in Antiguo like the The Trinity an the Assumption of the Virgin.

John Calvin prints Institues ofthe Christian Religion-Literature

Nov 29, 1541

This book basically established John Calvin's stance and theory of Protestantism. It was very influential in the Western World because it covered a variety of topics from the doctines of the church and sacraments to the justification by faith alone and Christian liberty.

Council of Trent-Diplomacy

Period: Nov 29, 1545 to Nov 29, 1563

One of the Catholic churches most importnt ecumenical councils and is basically the essence of the Counter-Reformation.

Martin Luther dies-Intellectual

Feb 18, 1546

Martin Luther died still holding strong to his belief that his theory about relgion was still correct. He was still excommunicated by Pope Leo X, and when asked on his deathbed if he would accept the same religion he preached about so ferventely he accepted.

King Henry VIII dies-Political

Jan 15, 1547

It is is most likely that King Henry VIII died from a combination of gout and syphilis. He dided at Whitehall in London and was bured at Windsor. He left thre children in his wake, one of them being Mary I aka. Bloody Mary.

Peace of Augsburg-Diplomacy

Sep 25, 1555

A treaty between Charles V and the forces of Schmalkaldic League, an alliance of Lutheran princes. Tis ceased the sturggle between the two groups and made the legal division of christendom peranent with the HRE.

Phillip II becomes King of Spain-Political

Nov 29, 1556

Phillip II major accomplishments include signing the Truce of Vaucelles between France and Spain. He also led Spanish troops to victory against France at the Battle of St.Quentin. IN 1559, he and Henry II signed the peace of Cateau-Cambresis which ended the 65-year struggle between France and Spain for the control of Italy.

Elizabeth I becomes Queen of England-Political

Jan 15, 1559

She was a strong femal ruler who did not let a primrily male scene intimidate her or the plans she had for her nation. She united her people under one religion. She also comissioned many talented artists and scholars encouraging them to pursue their work.

French Wars of Religion-Politics

Period: Mar 29, 1562 to Apr 29, 1598

Conflicts between French Catholics and French Protestants aka. Huguenots. Disputes between factinal houses also stemmed from this,House of Bourbon vs. House of Guise.

Shakespeare is born-Intelectual

Apr 26, 1564

Shakeseare is the famous playwright known for writing about the state of society through his characters. For instance in his screenplay of Othello, he tackles the issue of racism in classical times as well a sthe status quo of women.

John Calvin dies-Intellectual

May 27, 1564

He died in 1564 in Geneva and was laid to rest in the state, but so many people came to see him that reformers were afraid that his death would form a new cult.

Pieter Brueghal paints Wedding Feast-Culture

Nov 29, 1567

The painting depicts a bride under a canopy. According to contemporary custom, the groom is not to be seated at the table but serving drinks. Two pipers play an instrument called the pijpzak and a boy licks a plate on te grouns. The entire scene depicts typical peasant life.

Dutch Revolt-Social

Period: Nov 29, 1568 to Nov 29, 1648

Revolt of the Northern Protestant Low Countries against the Roman Catholic rule of King Philip II of Spain. Many violent outbursts ensued against the Catholic crown and these tensions led to the formation of the Dutch Republic.

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre-Politics

Aug 24, 1572

King Charles IX of France, by the persuasion of Catherine de Medici, ordered the assasssination of Huguenot Portestnt leaders in PAris which set off a string of killing that resulted in the massacre of thousnds of Huguenots all over France.

Spanish Armada

Aug 8, 1588

Spanish fleet of 130 ships that sailed from A Coruna in 1588 under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia with the purpose of escorting an army from Flanders to invade England.

Henry of Navarre becomes King-Politics

Nov 29, 1589

Henry IV mmanagd to unite the kingdom and achieve peace in his state for the most part. He was abe t organize and bring prosperity back to France quickly and ratehr efficiently. He made himself aware of what each social clas in his kingdom needed and with that was able to rule effieciently and attain peace by appealign to the people. He also had a very persuasive personality crucial in attainging obedience.

Edict of Nantes-Diplomacy

Apr 30, 1598

Henry IV's main goal in the Edict of Nantes was to promot civil unity. The Edict itself separated ciil and reigious unity. It allowed Protestants to be treated as a legitimate belief and emphasized tolerance and secularism insetad persecution. The Edict allowed a few different thigns to the Protesants like amnesty and the reinstatement of their civil rights.

Philip II of Spain Dies

Sep 13, 1598

Phillis II died of cancer at El Escorial in 1598. Fortunately Spain was still at a peak in its existence.

Elizabeth I Dies-Politics

Mar 24, 1603

Elizabeth died in Richmond Palace, Surrey, England, buried at Westminster Abbey. Because Elizabeth insisted that she was married to her kingdom and its subjects, she died a virgin.

Enclosure Acts

Nov 29, 1604

Diplomacy

Cervantes Don Quixote-Culture

Nov 29, 1605

Don Quixote follows the adventures of Alonso Quixano, man who reads any chivalrous stories so he decides to set ouot on a quest to revive chivilry himself. He recruits a simple farmer, Sancho Panzaas his squire on Quixote's way to becoming a knight.

King James Bible Printed -Culture

Nov 29, 1611

This Bible was first printed by the KIng's Printer Robert Barker and it was also the third translation into English to be approved by the ENglish Church authorities. James wanted t make sure that the new version of the bible reflected the episcopal structure of the Church of England and its firm belied in an ordained clergy.

30 Years War-Politics

Period: Nov 29, 1618 to Nov 29, 1648

A series of Wars in Central Europe. It was initially a war between Protestant and Catholic States in the fragmented Holy Roman EMppire and developed into a more blanket generalized conflict involving the major powers of Europe. It started out focused on religion and then turned into a disput over land and power of the monarchy.

King Gustavus killed- Political

Nov 6, 1632

During the Battle of Lutzen, Adolphs is killed in action. The Swedes still win under the leadership of Bernhard of SaxeWeimar and they defeat Wallentstein.

English Civil War-Politics

Period: Aug 22, 1642 to Sep 3, 1651

Wars between Parliamentarians and Royalists in England over the organization of government. The first and second civil wars basically were the loya suporters of KIng Charles I against those in favor of the Long Parliament, but the third was betweeen the supporters f the King Charles II vs. supporters of the Rump Parliament. The Wars ended with the Parliamentarian victory at the BAtle of Worcester.

Peace of Westphalia

Oct 29, 1648

A series of peace treates signed in order to end the Thirty Years War in the HRE and the Eight Years War between Spain and the Dutch Republic.

Charles I exectued-Politics

Nov 30, 1649

King Charles I was executed because of charges of high treason and so he was beheaded.

Rump Parliament-Politics

Nov 30, 1649

The Rump Parliament was the English Parliament after Colonel Pride purged the Long Parliament on 6 December 1648 of those members hostile to the Grandees' intention to try King Charles I for high treason.

Navigation Acts Passed-Politics

Nov 30, 1651

Navigation Acts were a series of laws that restricted the use of foreign ships for trade between Britain and its colonies. They began in 1651 and ended 200 years later.

Oliver Cromwell becomes Lord Protector-Politics

Dec 25, 1653

At first and English military and political leader, Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland after the execution of King Charles.

Oliver Cromwell Dies

Sep 3, 1658

He dies in Whitehall on the anniversary of some of his most iconic victories, one of which being in Worcester.