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New Imperialism
The period of European imperialism (a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force) after the 1800s (including Africa and Asia) -
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Opium Wars
Climax of trade disputes and diplomatic difficulties between China and the British Empire after China sought to restrict British opium traffickers. Opium reall messed up the Chinese. -
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Scramble for Africa
The invasion, occupation, colonization and annexation of African territory by European powers during the period of New Imperialism, between 1881 and 1914. -
The Berlin Confrence
Conference that German chancellor Otto von Bismarck called to set rules for the partition of Africa. It led to the creation of the Congo Free State under King Leopold II of Belgium. -
Reinsurance Treaty
Agreement between Germany and Russia that stipulated that each power would maintain neutrality should the other find itself at war. -
The Fashoda Incident
The climax of imperial territorial disputes between Britain and France in Eastern Africa. This shows how bad each country wanted to take advantage over all of these African countries. -
"White Man's Burden"
Kipling writes a poem about how white men were supposed to take care of "uncivilized" people because they were better than them. -
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Boer War
War between British and Dutch settlers in South Africa. The war ended in victory for Britain and the annexation of both republics. Both would eventually be incorporated into the Union of South Africa in 1910. -
"Imperialism"
Hobson publishes the first significant study of imperialism. He rgues that it is part of larger capitalist enterprises, but that is not good for economy in general. He is first to write about the human costs -
Schlieffen Plan
Attack plan by Germans, proposed by Schlieffen, lightning quick attack against France. Proposed to go through Belgium then attack France, Belgium resisted, other countries took up their aid, long fight, used trench warfare. -
Algeciras Conference
International conference called to deal with the Moroccan question. French get Morocco, Germany gets nothing, isolated. Result is U.S, Britain, France, Russia see Germany as a threat. -
Purchase of the Congo
Leopold II bought the Congo for Belgium to take its ivory and rubber. This is a good example of imperialism. -
Treaty of Versailles
The compromise after WW1, settled land and freedom disputes. Germany had to take full blame for the war in order for the treaty to pass, among other things. The US Senate rejected it due to the need of Germany in the war. This is the cause of WWII. -
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Trench Warfare
Fighting with trenches, mines, and barbed wire. Horrible living conditions, great slaughter, no gains, stalemate, used in WWI on western front mostly -
Auxiliary Service Law
A German law requiring all males between the ages of seventeen and sixty to work only at jobs considered critical to the war effort. This shows how intense Germany views the war. -
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Growtf of Anti-War Mentaility
The people that live in these European countries start to feel that these wasre are not neccasary and should be ended. This is due to how much the countries are affecting these citizens financialy. -
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Treaty in which Russia lost substantial territory to the Germans. This ended Russian participation in the war. -
Woodrow Wilson
After World War I, this United States president sought to reduce the risk of war by writing the Fourteen Points that influenced the creation of the League of Nations. -
League of Nations
An international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations. It was suggested by the Americans but they never joined and remained powerless and broke up when the United Nations were formed. -
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Logical Empiricism
A philosophic movement rather than a set of doctrines, It had several different leaders whose views changed considerably over time. -
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Great Depression
It was a world-wide economic depression from 1929-1933, unique in its severity and duration and with slow and uneven recovery. -
Anti-Comintern Pact
Anti-communist pact concluded between Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan (later to be joined by other, mainly fascist, governments) -
Anschluss
The annexation of Austria by Germany. -
Munich Conference
Chamberlain, France and other countries (not the USSR); they agreed that Sudentenland should be ceded to Germany; Chamberlain secured peace with Germany. -
Invasion of Poland
Due to Germany invading poland, this forced Britain and France to join the war. -
Nazi-Soviet Pact
Not to fight if one went to war and to divide up Poland and other parts of Eastern Europe. -
Battle of Britain
An aerial battle fought in World War II between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance. -
Iron Curtain
Symbol of the Cold War, A term popularized by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill to describe the Soviet Union's policy of isolation during the Cold War. The barrier isolated Eastern Europe from the rest of the world. -
Atlantic Carter
Pledge signed by US president Franklin D Roosevelt and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war -
Munich Agreement
Agreement between Chamberlain and Hitler that Germany would not conquer any more land, and if did, would declare war. -
Lend-Lease Program
The US lent money and resources to the European states to help reconstruction. -
Dawes Plan
he product of the reparations commission headed by Charles G. Dawes that was accepted by Germany, France, and Britain, and reduced Germany's yearly reparations, made payment dependant on German economic prosperity, and granted Germany large loans from the United States to promote recovery. This was mostly due to United States actually needing Germany for finances. -
Tehran Conference
First major meeting between the Big Three (United States, Britain, Russia) at which they planned the 1944 assault on France and agreed to divide Germany into zones of occupation after the war. -
Erwin Rommel
German and Italian armies were led by him and attacked British occupied Egypt and the Suez Canal for the second time; were defeated at the Battle of El Alamein; was moved to France to oversee the defenses before D-Day; tried to assassinate Hitler. -
D-Day
Led by Eisenhower, and allied forces over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II. -
Final Solution
final solution of the Jewish question-murder of every single Jew-had begun-mass arresting, and trafficking of Jews to the concentration camps-mass killings occurred as well in the gas chambers. Plan to kill 6 million Jews under reign of Adolf Hitler -
Potsdam Conference
Brought forward many differences over east Europe; postwar conference. -
Yalta Conference
The Big Three met and agreed that Germany would be divided into zones of occupation and would pay heavy reparations to the Soviet Union in the form of agricultural and industrial goods. -
Brezhnev Doctrine
Soviet Union and its allies had the right to intervene in any socialist country whenever they saw the need. -
COMECON
The economic association organized by the communist states. This was highly oposed by Britain and France. -
Molotov
Stalin's foreign minister who declares that Western Democracies are enemies to the Soviet Union -
Containment
Policy of creating strategic alliances in order to check the expansion of a hostile power or ideology or to force it to negotiate pecefully -
Cominform
Soviet organization whose purpose was to denounce Marshall Plan aid. This really shows the underground operations of the war. -
NATO
An international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty for purposes of collective security. This is one side of the war, which oposed the Warsaw Pact. -
Truman Doctrine
President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology. -
Warsaw Pact
An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO. In the climax, they did lose, and NATO did "win". -
Decolonization
The action of changing from colonial to independent status, This caused many wars in the African countries. -
Council of Europe
An attempt to evolve into a Parliament yet became only a multinational debating society -
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Marshall Plan
A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe . -
Zionist Movement
A movement of world Jewry that arose late in the 19th century with the aim of creating a Jewish state in Palestine. -
Balfour Declaration
Statement issued by Britain's foreign secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. -
Schuman Plan
Called for special international organization of control and integrate all European coal and steal production -
European Coal and Steel Community
International organization to control and integrate all European coal and steel probuction. Consisted of West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, and France. Number 1 goal = to be so close together economically that war against them would be impossible. "The Six". -
Alliance for Germany
A political party that was set up in East Germany calling for the unification of East and West Germany, which they felt would lead to an economic bonanza in East Germany. -
De-Stalinization
Liberalization of the Soviet Union; fixed all of the things Stalin did while he was in power. -
Euratom
European Atomic Energy Community estab. by the treaty of Rome to regulate and research nuclear energy merged with the EEC -
Re-Stalinization
Soviet Union started a period of stagnation. Saw de-Stalinization as a dangerous threat. -
"Peaceful Coexistence"
Khrushchev's foreign policy; peaceful coexistence with communism was possible -
Gdansk Agreement
A working class revolt in the Lenin shipyards of Gdansk that resulted in the workers gaining their revolutionary demands including the right to form free trade unions, freedom of speech, release of political prisoners, and economic reforms. -
shock therapy
The Solidarity-led governments radical take on economic affairs that were designed to make a clean break with state planning and move to market mechanisms and private property. This really led economy into decline. -
Maastricht Treaty
It set strict financial criteria for joining the proposed monetary union, with it single currency and set 1999 as the start date for its establishment. -
"New Order"
A description of the international system resulting from the break up of the Soviet Union in which the balance of nuclear terror theoretically no longer determined the destinies of states.