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Jeremy Bentham
An English philosopher and author known for writing "An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation," "The Rationale of Reward" and " The Rationale of Punishment ." He's also the founder of utilitarianism. -
Thomas Malthus
The English author of the "Essay on the Principles of Population," in which he argued that the food production rate could not keep up with population growth and would result in overpopulation and starvation. -
Charles Fourier
In the early 19th century, Charles Fourier, A french Utopian socialist, proposed a new model community called phalansteries. -
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Serbia Independence
From 1804-18153 Karađorđe led the first Uprising of Serbia to gain independence from the Ottoman Empire. His actions largely failed. From 1815-1816 Milos Obrenovitch negotiated with the empire for some Serbian territory. However, it wasn't until 1830 that Serbia was officially granted independence. -
French Monarchy Restored
The quadruple alliance met at Vienna to assure peace after Napoleon's first defeat. (Congress of Vienna) The monarchs of Spain, France, and Poland were restored and the German Confederation was established. -
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Holy Alliance
1815-1820s
An alliance between Russia, Austria, and Prussia. Whilst negotiating the second Peace of Paris, the leaders (Alexander I, Frederick William III, and Francis I) formed the treaty to assure the spread of christian values. -
Quadruple Alliance Renewed
The alliance between Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia, was renewed in 1815 following the defeat of Napoleon to assure that the agreements made in the Congress of Vienna would be followed. The alliance also agreed to meet regularly over the next few years to discuss European troubles. -
David Ricardo
The British author of "Principles of Political Economy" in which he proposed the "iron law of wages." The law stated that an increase in population resulted in more workers which results in a fall in wages. This cycle restarts and therefore he claims that raising wages would be pointless. -
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Burschenschaft
Student societies in Germany that aimed for a free, united country. They burned books and hosted riots, which led to the Carlsbad Decrees which closed them down and established censorship. -
Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle
The Quadruple alliance agreed to meet at Aix-la-Chapelle to discuss the problems of Europe following the Napoleonic Wars. It was during this congress that France was admitted into the Quintuple Alliance and the armies of occupation within France were removed. -
Carlsbad Decrees
A series of restrictions upon the German Confederation's states that aimed to suppress the liberal movements wracking Germany. it introduced censorship and tried to disband the Burschenschaften (organization of liberal university students). -
Peterloo Massacre
Protesters revolted in response to the restricting Corn Laws and declining economy, and what was a peaceful protest turned into a massacre when the British Cavalry attacked the crowd. In response to this event the government restricted public meetings, extended police powers and restricted pamphlets. -
Great Britain passes Six Acts
In response to the riots plaguing Britain, the government passed the Six Acts in 1819. These acts forbade public meetings, raised fines, sped up trials for those who opposed the government, raised newspaper taxes, allowed officials to search the homes of citizens, and prohibited the training of armed groups. -
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Latin American Wars of Independence
The Latin American elites led independence movements against Spain and Portugal's control. Simon Bolivar liberated Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador and Peru whilst San Martin liberated Argentina, Chile, and Peru. It's important to also note that the USA's Monroa Doctrine and Britain's naval fleet opposed the Congress of Vienna's policy of intervention. -
Congress of Troppau
The Holy alliance met at Troppau in Silesia to establish a protocol that states that were/have underwent revolutions would not have their changes in government recognized and would be excluded from European alliances. It also established an extreme policy of intervention by Metternich to ensure the autocratic regimes would remain in power. -
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Robert Owen
Robert Owen was a trade union reformer and socialist known for his ideas on cooperative living. He created the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union and transformed New Lanark (Scotland) into a socialist community. -
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Spanish Revolution
A civil war between the royalists and liberals caused by Ferdinand VII who tore up the liberal constitution and dissolved the Cortes ( the elected parliamentary assembly). The policy of intervention established by Metternich, however, allowed for France to help Ferdinand VII and restore him to his throne by chasing out the revolutionary government. -
Congress of Laibach
The Holy alliance met to decide whether or not to allow Austria to intervene in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. -
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Greek Revolution
After being subject to 400 year of Muslim control, the Greeks revolted against the Ottoman Empire. The Concert of Europe decided to aid Greek troops whilst Russia declared war against the Empire. Eventually the war ended and Greece was recognized as an independent kingdom. -
Congress of Verona
A meeting between the Quadruple alliance that discussed the revolutionary upheavals in Spain (Spanish Revolution). Louis XVII wanted to get his allies approval to overthrow the revolutionary government and restore Ferdinand VII, when he did, he sent his troops and ended the revolution. -
France helps crush the Spanish Revolution
Louis XVIII of France gained approval from the Holy Alliance to invade Spain and overthrow the revolutionary government. In April of 1823 a troop moved into Spain and by August of that year Ferdinand VII had been restored to the Spanish throne, effectively ending the Spanish Revolution. -
Decembrist Revolt
A secret society called the Northern Union rebelled against the accession of Nicholas I in Russia. They largely failed and the revolt was crushed and Nicholas I, a now severely reactionary leader, ascended to the throne. -
Count Claude Henri de Saint Simon
Count Claude Henri de Saint Simon was a French philosopher who wrote “The New Christianity” which established Christian Socialism. -
July Revolution
Charles X of France issued the July Ordinances that established rigid censorship and dissolved the legislative assembly. Liberal opposition openly defied the ordinances and chased Charles X out of France (he fled to Britain). The liberals asked for Louis-Philippe (Charles's cousin) to become the constitutional king of France. -
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Polish Revolution
Poland experienced a nationalist uprising in 1830 in attempts to gain independence from Russian control. Nicholas I of Russia easily crushed the revolt and established a military dictatorship over Poland -
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Louise Aston
A German feminist and author known for dressing up as a male and generally breaking social expectations. She was banished from Berlin for her actions and was often ridiculed by the press. Her most popular works include "Revolution and Counterrevolution" as well as "Lydia." -
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Cholera epidemic of 1830s-40s
Outbreaks of the disease occurred due to unsanitary conditions, and to counteract the disease sewers were introduced. John Snow's Germ theory was introduced and Cholera was mostly eradicated from England due to Edwin Chadwick's sanitary reform policies. -
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Auguste Comte
A French philosopher known for founding positivism and sociology. He wrote "Course of Positive Philosophy," "System of Positive Polity," "The Catechism of Positive Religion," and "Subject Synthesis." -
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Belgian Independence
The Congress of Vienna merged the Austrian Netherlands (Belgium) with the Dutch republic. It didn't sit well with the Belgians and they rose up in 1830. By 1831 they were accepted as independent and Leopold of Saxe-Coburg was designated to be the new king of the constitutional monarchy. -
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Giuseppe Mazzini
An Italian nationalist who inspired a revolution for unification. He was the founder of Young Italy, wrote "The Duties of Man" and was the leader of the risorgimento. -
Great Reform Bill
British parliamentary bill that expanded the House of Common's electorate. It transferred voting privileges from the elite to the general public. -
English Factory Act of 1833
This act addressed the cruel conditions children were put under during the Industrial revolution of Britain. This specific act forbade the use of children in factories if they were under the age of nine and limited the working hours of children of age 9-12. -
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Chartists
Chartists took their name from the People's Charter drawn up in 1838. They were a group of workers who attempted to secure universal male suffrage and annual sessions of Parliament. They attempted to make changes through peaceful means however it didn't succeed to convince Parliament -
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William Lovett
A British politician responsible for the creation of the People's Charter. In 1839 he was secretary of the National Chartist Convention and he co-wrote "Chartism: A New Organization of the People." Finally in 1841 he established the National Association for Promoting the Political and Social Improvement of the People. -
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Pierre Joseph Proudhon
A French philosopher and founder of anarchism who wrote "What is Property?" and "Warning to Proprietors." As well as "System of Economic Contradictions: or, The Philosophy of Poverty" and "The Poverty of Philosophy." -
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Karl Marx
Karl Marx was a German radical journalist who founded Marxism; the idea that the proletariat will overthrow the elite to establish a classless society, through his book, "The Communist Manifesto."
"The Holy Family" "The German Ideology" -
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Irish Famine
In the summer of 1845, the potato (the most abundant crop or Ireland) was nearly wiped out by a blight. More than a million Irish civilians died from starvation and a lot more emigrated to the United States and Britain in search of a better way of life. -
Corn Laws of 1846
The Corn Laws were a series of high tariffs on foreign grain. It intended to help the agricultural prices but only contributed to the poor conditions of the working class. They were eventually abolished with the help of the Anti-Corn Law League. -
Public Health Act
The very first law on public health created by Edwin Chadwick that established the Central Board of Health. -
The Communist Manifesto
"The Communist Manifesto" was a book written by Karl Marx and established Marxism; the bible of Communism. -
Revolutions of 1848
In France - Louis Philippe was overthrown and a provisional government was established. In the German Confederation the Frankfurt Assembly sought to establish a unified German state. In the Austrian Empire the revolution resulted in the dismissal of Metternich which caused Ferdinand I to subdue the revolts and abdicate his throne to Francis Joseph I. Whilst the revolts in Italy inspired by Mazzini and Belgioioso mainly failed. -
Bessemer Process
A new way to produce steel that was developed in the 1850s. Henry Bessemer, a British inventor, invented the process by removing the impurities from pig iron through oxidation. -
Melun Act
Established by Viscount André de Melun, the act aimed to establish a range of requirements for buildings. It was optional tho, so it wasn't really followed through. -
Herbert Spencer
A British philosopher who developed the idea of Social Darwinism. He wrote "Social Statics" which defined how the struggle for survival makes it so that strong societies advance whilst the weak decline. -
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Count Camillo Cavour
The prime minister of Piedmont, Italy, who pursued unification. He helped declare the new kingdom of Italy by driving the Austrians out and by funding a large arming to ensure Italian unification. -
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Crimean War
A war between Russia and an alliance of Britain, France,Sardinia, and the Ottoman Empire. Britain and France primarily participated to prevent Russian expansion into the Crimean Peninsula. -
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Gregor Mendel
Gregor Mendel was an Augustinian botanist who is considered the father of the science of genetics (Mendelism). He wrote "Experiments of Plant Hybrids" and established the three laws of inheritance, dominance, and segregation. -
Charles Darwin
An English scientist known for writing "On the Origin of Species" which established the principle of natural selection and organic evolution. -
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Edouard Manet
A French painter who played a vital role in the transition from realism to impressionism. Some of his works include "The Raven," "The Luncheon on the Grass," and "Boy Carrying a Sword." -
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Second Industrial Revolution
The Second Industrial Revolution was an era of rapid growth in manufacturing processes. The first car was invented and cholera was nearly wiped out by new medical theories. -
Russian Emancipation
The Emancipation Manifesto of 1861 declared the emancipation of all serfs in Russia. -
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Otto von Bismarck
The prime minister of Prussia under William I who led the movement for unification of Germany. With his help, the German Empire was created. -
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Ficke
An Austrian feminist who co-founded the General Austrian Women's Associate and wrote "Documents of Women." -
Danish War
A conflict between Danish and German nationalism. Prussia and Austria declared war on Denmark and ended with the Treaty of Vienna declaring that Denmark surrender Schleswig and Holstein. -
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Butler
An English feminist who objected to the Contagious Diseases Acts with the Shrieking Sisters. -
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Contagious Diseases Act
The Contagious Diseases Act gave the authorities the right to examine prostitutes for disease. These acts tried to reduce sexually transmitted diseases within the British Army and Navy, but middle class reformers opposed the acts. -
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Benjamin Disraeli
The leader of the Conservatives in British Parliament and the British Prime Minister. He created the Modern Conservative Party and issued the Artisans' and Laborers' Dwellings Improvement Act. -
Second Reform Act
A British act that lowered the monetary requirements of voting. It extended the right to vote, led to more discipline in political parties, and created tension between the Liberals and Conservatists. -
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Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary
With the Augsleich of 1867, the monarchies of Austria and Hungary united to create a dual monarchy. They both had their own government for domestic affairs and capital, but shared a monarch, army, and foreign policy. However, the clash of different nationalities would led to problems following WW1 and led to their separation. -
University of London admits women
In 1868, the University of London admitted nine women into its gates. -
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William Gladstone
The leader of the Liberal party in the British Parliament who helped issue several acts (2nd Reform Act, Redistribution Act, etc) as well as tried to to alleviate discontent in Ireland through limited land reform and the Home Rule Bill (1886). -
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The Irish Question
The Irish Land League called on the British Parliament for a separate government. Charles Parnell tried to answer the Irish plea with his home rule bill, and a rise in Irish nationalism occurred. -
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Alexander Herzen
A Russian author who's political theories formed populism (supports middle class in the struggle against elites). His ideas formed "The People's Will," a radical regime -
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Poincare
A French physicist who is called the father of algebraic topology. He also wrote "The New Methods of Celestial Mechanics." -
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Franco-Prussian War
A war between France and a united Prussia and Germany over the failure of Prince Leopold to ascend to the throne. France was defeated and Napoleon III was captured and exiled. William I was proclaimed kaiser and the 2nd German Empire was established. -
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Thomas Edison
An American inventor who created the Edison Universal Stock Printer, the carbon transmitter, and the phonograph. The first practical incandescent light bulb was also invented by him. -
German Unification
Otto von Bismarck led the charge for a Prussian led, unified Germany. it wasn't until 1871 that Germany was unified under King Wilhelm I in the Hall of Versailles. -
Paris Commune
After the fall of Napoleon III in the Franco-Prussian war, the victorious Prussia forced the French to choose universal male suffrage. However, when the people of this government favored the monarchists, the republicans split away and created this commune. The defeat of the Paris Commune led to the establishment of the 3rd Republic of France. -
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Kulturkampf
The political attack on the Catholic Church by Otto von Bismarck, otherwise known as the "struggle for civilization." -
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Mach
An Austrian physicist who introduced Mach's principle, established the principles of supersonics, and wrote "Contributions to the Analysis of the Sensations. -
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Key
A Swiss feminist who co-founded the Swedish Dress Reform Society and wrote "The Woman Movement" and "On the reaction Against the Women Question." -
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Third Republic of France
A republican government was established after the fall of Napoleon III and the destruction of the Paris Commune. The republic followed the Constitution of 1875 and established a powerful Chamber of Deputies. -
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Alexander Graham Bell
Alexander Graham Bell was an American inventor and teacher of the deaf who created the telephone. He co-founded AT&T as well as improved upon the phonograph (graphophone). -
Diesel engine invented
German engineer, Rudolf Diesel invented the Diesel engine during the 1880s. -
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New Imperialism
Britain, France, the Us, etc. established influence in Africa and Asia in the 19th and 20th centuries in search for raw materials. It was encouraged by the ideas of Social Darwinism, that the country with the most power would advance whilst the weak would decline. -
First electric power plant in Britain
The Edison Electric Light Station was built in 1882 and became the first power plant to generate electricity for the public. -
English Married Women’s Property Act
The English Married Women’s Property Act of 1882 altered the rights of Women in Britain and allowed for them to own and control property. -
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Triple Alliance
An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy through World War One that led to the development of the Triple Entente. -
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Carl Peters
A German explorer who helped establish a German holding in Africa during the age of New Imperialism. He also wrote "The Eldorado of the Ancients" and "New Light on Dark Africa." -
Daimler invents internal combustion engine
Gottlieb Daimler invented a successful, fast internal-combustion engines in 1885 after he and Wilhelm Maybach started their own auto-shop. -
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Home Rule Bill
A set of 3 bills that went through the British parliament that aimed to create a separate government for Ireland. -
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Friedrich Nietzche
A German intellectual who rejected the "slave morality" of Christianity, democracy, reform, and universal suffrage. He glorified irrationality through his works, "Beyond Good and Evil," "The Antichrist," "Human," "All too Human" and "The Gay science." -
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Karl Leuger
The Mayor of Vienna and leader of the Christian Socialists who encouraged violent anti-semitic acts in Vienna. -
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Catholic Modernism
Modernists attempted to reinterpret religion. "De Rerum Novarum" was introduced as it upheld the individual's property right and criticized capitalism. Salvation Army was founded in response to this. -
Daimler’s first automobile
Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach sold their first car, the Daimler Motorized Carriage, in 1892 through their company. -
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Dreyfus Affair
A French officer of the 3rd Republic was convicted for selling military secrets to the Germans. It symbolized the potential disloyalty of Jews and antisemitism rose. It also encouraged Theodore Herzl to begin the Zionist movement. -
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Max Weber
A German philosopher known for his work on the social theory. He wrote "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism" as well as "Religious Rejections of the World and their Directions." He also invented a systematic research method called comparative methodology. -
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Theodor Herzl
An Austro-Hungarian key political figure in the development of Zionism. He wrote "The Jewish State" which encouraged the meeting of the 1st Zionist Congress and advocated for a home in Palestine. -
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Vaihinger
A German philosopher who developed Kantianism (emphasize on exploring nature) and wrote "The Philosophy of 'As If'" and "Kant Studies." -
Spanish American War
Conflict between the US and Spain over the sinking over the USS Maine. It ended with the Treaty of Paris after four months of fighting, guaranteeing Cuban independence from Spain. -
Sigmund Freud
A Viennese doctor known for writing "The Interpretation of Dreams." He was the founder of psychoanalysis (ID, Ego, and Superego) and the Oedipus/Electra complex. -
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Carl Jung
A Swiss psychiatrist known for founding analytical philosophy. He wrote "Psychology of the Unconscious," :The Psychology of Dementia Praecox," and "Memories, Dreams, and Reflections." He also created the association tests and developed the ideas of extroverted and introverted personality types. -
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Stopes
A British author and feminist who was the 1st female on the faculty of the University of Manchester, founded the 1st birth control clinic, wrote "Married Love" and studied fossils. -
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National Council for French Women
CNFF (National Council for French Women was a society that aimed to gain women's suffrage through nonviolent acts of rebellion. -
Wright Brothers
Oliver and Wilbur Wright were American pilots credited with building and flying the first plane, the Wright Flyer. -
Cubism
An artistic movement (1907-20th century) that was established by Picasso and Braque and emphasized using geometric shapes to imitate reality. -
Model T manufactured
The first Model T was manufactured in 1908 by Henry Ford in Detroit. It was one of the first cars to be sold for little money and made automobiles available to the public. -
Norway grants women suffrage
With the help of women's suffrage groups like LSFK, women were granted the right to vote and to suffrage in 1913 following World War One. -
Limited British women’s suffrage
With the Representation of the People Act in 1918, limited women's suffrage was established. Women above the age of 30 who met the property qualification were allowed to vote. -
Full British women’s suffrage
With the passing of the Equal Franchise Act of 1928, women age 21 and over were able to vote and Women were held to the same rights of men.