-
Period: Jan 1, 1348 to Dec 31, 1351
Black Death
Black Death
-plague caused by infected rats travelling on ships to Europe from Asia
-extreme population loss -
Period: Jan 1, 1350 to Dec 31, 1550
Renaissance
Renaissance
-a period of rebirth in Europe that started in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe -
Period: Jan 1, 1415 to Dec 31, 1417
Council of Constance burns Hus and ends Great Schism
John Hus
-Great Schism: disagreements on who should be Pope led to there being 3 Popes at the same time
-John Hus attacked the power of the papacy in the Catholic Church -
Period: Jan 1, 1450 to
Age of Exploration
Age of Exploration
-a time where European nations began exploring other areas seeking new trading opportunities and territories -
Jan 1, 1453
Fall of Constantinople; end of Hundred Years' War
-Ottoman Turks took Constantinople, ending the Byzantine Empire -Joan of Arc inspired the French to continue fighting
-England's government wasn't stable -
Jan 1, 1455
Invention of Printing Press
-Johannes Gutenburg invented it
-allowed for the spread of ideas throughout Europe and Asia -
Jan 1, 1492
Columbus encounters America; completion of Reconquista is Spain
-Columbus believed he was in India -Spanish Muslims were forced out
-Spain became Catholic -
Period: Jan 1, 1500 to
Protestant and Catholic Reformations
Protestant and Catholic Reformation
-new religions and forms of Catholicism began forming, starting with people such as Martin Luther and John Calvin -
Period: Jan 1, 1500 to
Early Modern Society
Early Modern Society
-timespan that goes from the late middle ages to the classical era
-included part of the Renaissance, the Age of Exploration, and the Reformations -
Period: Jan 1, 1500 to
Price Revolution
Price Revolution
-a time when high rates of inflation plagued most of Western Europe -
Jan 1, 1517
Luther posts 95 Theses
-opposed indulgences
-led to Protestantism -
Jan 1, 1519
Cortez conquers Aztecs
-Aztecs believed Spaniards were sent by Gods
-Aztecs die of European diseases -
Period: Jan 1, 1520 to
Religious Wars
Religious Wars
-a series of wars caused by conflicts and rivalries between religious groups -
Jan 1, 1534
Act of Supremacy creates Anglican Church
-Henry VIII wanted a divorce, Pope said no -
Jan 1, 1536
Calvin establishes reformed faith in Geneva
-Calvinism
-predestination -
Jan 1, 1543
Copernicus established heliocentric theory
-Sun at center of solar system
-opposed populer geocentric theory -
Period: Jan 1, 1543 to
Scientific Revolution
Scientific Revolution
-advances in astronomy, heliocentric theory, inertia, ellipses
-advances in medicine, blood flow
-rationalism -
Jan 1, 1545
Council of Trent opens
-opposed Catholics beliefs
-reeastablished traditional Catholic ideas -
Period: Jan 1, 1550 to
Dutch Commercial Dominance
Dutch Commercial Dominance
-Netherlands successfully revolted against Spain, leading to a Golden Age for the Dutch and their trading companies -
Period: Jan 1, 1550 to
Age of Crisis
-
Jan 1, 1555
Peace of Augsburg end religious war in Germany; Charles V abdicates
-Lutherans became equal to Catholics
-German rulers could choose the religions of their people -
Period: Jan 1, 1580 to
Witchcraft Scare
Witchcraft Scare
-more persecutionn and execution
-religious uncertainty
-women were primary victims -
Defeat of Spanish Armada
-defeated by Elizabeth 1 of England
Spanish were relying on God -
Edict of Nantes ends French religious wars
-Catholicism as official religion of France
-Huguenots had rights -
Dutch East India Company founded
-trading company
-brought spices to Europe from Asia -
Period: to
Baroque Art
Barouque Art
-art conveyed religious messages -
Period: to
Commercial Revolution
-
Stuart monarchy begins in England
-Tudor dynasty ends
-Cromwell is removed from power -
Period: to
Conflict between Parliament and King in England
-
Period: to
Age of Louis XIV
-
Peace of Westphalia ends Thirty Years' War
-separated religion and politics
-France gained territory
-German states could choose religions -
Charles 1 executed in England
-revolution succeeds
-Oliver Cromwell comes to power -
Period: to
Absolutism
Absolutism
- rulers ruled with complete control and limitless power -
Period: to
Commercial Wars
-
Period: to
Rise of Prussia
Rise of Prussia
-Prussia gained territory from Peace of Westphalia
-Frederick turned the duchy into a kingdom -
Newton publishes PRINCIPIA MATHEMATICA
-includes 3 Laws of Motion
-explains gravity -
Period: to
Glorious Revolution; Peter the Great's reign begins in Russia
-William and Mary invited by Parliament to take over throne
Peter the Great
-Peter the Great westernized Russia -
Period: to
Rise of Russia
Rise of Russia
-needed warm water ports
-westernization by Peter the Great, and later Catherine the Great -
Bank of England founded
-made loans
-issued "banknotes" -
Period: to
Rise of the Middle Class
Rise of the Middle Class
-Middle Class began to form as an outcome of the Industrial Revolution in the middle of the 18th century -
Period: to
Enlightenment
-
Period: to
Agricultural Revolution
-
Period: to
Peace of Utrecht; death of Louis XIV
-
Period: to
Rococo Art
Rococo Art
-started in Paris
-in response to regulations of Barouque Art
-more light colors and less rigid -
War of Austrian Succession begins
-Charles VI didn't have a male heir
-feared consequences of Maria Theresa taking throne -
Period: to
Industrial Revolution
-
Treaty of Paris ends Seven Years' War
-Britain gained Canada, Florida, and lands east of the Mississippi -
American Revolution; Smith publishes WEALTH OF NATIONS
-13 Colonies revolt agaisnt Great Britain -described how nations gained wealth -
French Revolution begins
-storming of the Bastille prison
-National Assembly -
Period: to
Age of Revolutions
Age of Revolutions
-revolutions took place in multiple countries
-French, British, and American Revolutions -
Period: to
Feminism
-
Period: to
Rise of Nationalism
-
Wollstonecraft begins feminist movement with VINDICATION OF RIGHTS OF WOMEN
-advocates for education for girls in opposition to popular belief -
Napoleon comes to power in France
-overthrows French government
-bicameral legislative assembly -
Period: to
Romanticism
-
Abdication of Napoleon; Congress of Vienna
-Napoleon exile
-Congress of Vienna creates balance of powers -
Period: to
Rise of Liberalism
-
Period: to
Revolution in France; Belgian and Greek Independence
-
Revolutions of 1848; Marx and Engels publish COMMUNIST MANIFESTO
-another French Revolution
-revolution in Germanic States
-upheaval in Austrian Empire
-Revolts in Italian states -pointed out probelms with capitalism -
Period: to
Realism and Materialism
-
Period: to
Second Industrial Revolution
Britain's Great Exhibition of 1851
-Britain held the first industrial fair as a symbol of its success -
Period: to
Imperialism
British Imperialism
-Britain colonizes other countries for raw materials to make finished goods -
Period: to
Modern Ideas and Science
-
Period: to
Unification and Nation-Building
German Unification
-Many small areas unified as the larger nations
-Europe was becoming unified as the European Community (EC) -
Period: to
Rise of Modern Society
-
Crystal Palace Exhibition in Britain
-international exhibition
-first World Fair exhibition of culture and industry -
Britain establishes direct rule of India
-British forced new ideas and Christianity on the Indian people
-large parts of India rebelled against British authorities -
Darwin publishes ORIGIN OF THE SPECIES
-explains theory of organic evolution -
Italy unified; Russian serfs emancipated
-Cavour was prime minister of Northern Italy
-Garibaldi wanted unification in Southern Italy -Russian serfs could own land and marry as they please -
Period: to
Modern Art
-
Unification of Germany; Paris Commune and Third Republic in France
-Karl Marx was dominant member of General Council -French socialist government
-didn't last very long -
Period: to
Berlin Conference over imperialism in Africa
Berlin Conference
-nations met to regulate colonization and trade in Africa -
Freud publishes INTERPRETATION OF DREAMS
-explains 3 types of dreams
-describes dreams as "wish fulfillment" -
Einstein publishes relativity theory; Revoltion of 1905 in Russia
-spacetime
-speed of light -Russian troops killed peaceful portestors
-Constitutional Monarchy didn't last long -
World War 1 begins
-troubles in the Balkans
-assasination of Archduke Ferdinand -
Period: to
World Wars
World Wars
-Germany and Austria-Hungary adopted militarism, leading to conflicts with the other nations
-Germany having to pay reparations from WW1 led to WW2 -
Bolshevik Revolution in Russia
-Bolsheviks led by Lenin
-provisional government -
Treaty of Versailles ends World War 1
-reparations for Germany
-Germany lost territory and much of its army -
Period: to
Totalitarianism
-
Fascists and Mussolini come to power in Italy
-radical authoritarian nationalism
-removed restraints against his power -
Great Depression begins
-Stock Market Crash
-unemployment
-downturn in domestic economies
-inflation -
Hitler comes to power in Germany
-MEIN KAMPF
-anti-semitism
-became politician after WW1 -
Munich Conference-height of appeasement
-Germany gained part of Czechoslovakia -
World War 2 begins
-Soviet Union invaded Poland
-Germany begins occupying other areas -
World War 2 ends; United Nations founded
-nuclear bombs dropped in Japan
-Yalta Conference -preserving world peace -
Period: to
Cold War
-
Period: to
European Unity
-
NATO formed
-military alliance
-western Europe, U.S., Canada -
European Coal & Steel Community (ECSC) formed
-common market for coal and steel -
Stalin dies
-strokes and heart attakcs from heavy smoking
-led to rivalry for vacant position -
Krhrushchev's de-Stalinization speech; Hungary revolt
-takes over after Stalin's death -major threat to Soviets -
Treaty of Rome creates European Economic Community (EEC); SPUTNIK launched
-eliminated customs barriers
-large free-trade area -first artificial satellite in space
-triggered Space Race -
Fifth Republic in France under DeGaulle
-current constitution in France
-President elected directly by the people -
Berlin Wall erected
-separated Berlin
-cut-off East and West Germany and Berlin -
Cuban Missile Crisis
-Soviet missiles in Cuba
-American blockade -
Second Vatican Council begins
-relations between Roman Catholic Church and modern world
-renewed Catholic doctrine in modern way -
Student revolts; Czech "Prague Spring" revolt
-student unions protested -time of liberalization
-Warsaw Pact invaded -
Helsinki Accords-height of detente
-improve relations between West and Communist areas
-sovereign equality -
John Paul 2nd elected Pope
-helped end Communist rule -
Soviet Union invades Afghanistan; Thatcher elected prime minister in Britain
-Soviet Afghan forces agaisnt two alliances
-many Afghans fled to other countries -Iron Lady
-first female prime minister -
Solidarity founded in Poland
-trade union
-first in Warsaw Pact not controlled by Communist Party -
Gorbachev comes to power in Soviet Union
-final leader of Soviet Union
-attempted to revive Soviet economy -
Berlin Wall falls and collapse of communism
-end of division between East and West Germany -Revolutions of 1989 -
Break-up of Soviet Union; Balkan conflicts begin in former Yugoslavia
-failed economy
-local nationalism -ethnic conflict
-series of wars -
Maastricht Treaty creates European Union (EU)
-led to Euro
-pillar structure -
Euro currency introduced
-common currency in most of Europe and European areas -
terrorist attacks on United States
-hijacked planes crashed into Pentagon and Twin Towers
-led by Osama bin Laden
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