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Haitian Revolt (Central American Revolution)
In Haiti, the frustration of mulattoes within a racist society led to the rise of the slave population expressing their anger against discriminatory European colonists. The Haitian slaves were led by Toussaint L'Overture against the French Colonists. Haiti gained their independence at the end of the Revolution. This was significant because Haiti was known as the first country to be founded by former slaves. -
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Burschenschaften
Burschenschaften was a student organization within the German universities. This organization served to express new nationalism in a post-Napoleonic Europe and this movement spread all over Germany. Due to violence caused by student demonstrations, the Carlsbad Decrees of 1819 were enacted causing the organization to go underground for a while. The significance of the Burschenschaften was to emphasize liberal reforms and political unity in Germany. -
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Greek Revolution
The Greek revolutionaries revolted against the Turks because they wanted to be able to express their Hellenistic identity. This was a rebellion of Greeks within the Ottoman Empire. The battles took place in Greece. This resulted in an independent kingdom of Greece. The Greek Revolution dramatically reduced the Turkish army causing a gradual collapse of the empire. -
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Brazilian Revolution (South American Revolt)
The Brazilian Revolution began when Native Brazilians and slaves started to feel threatened due to lose of control over local affairs. Prince Dom Pedro I of Portugal declared Brazil an independent state and the revolution began. The battles took place against the Portuguese Army in Brazil and Uruguay. Brazil gained its independence and this was the end of Portuguese influence in the South America. -
Decembrist Revolt
In Russia, the upper class with military background created a secret revolutionary movement that evolved within the Russian Empire to protest against Tsar Nicholas I's assumption of the throne. These Decembrists lost, but their sacrifices led to a continuous fight for their beliefs. This event provided a source of encouragement and inspiration to Russian dissidents who came after them. -
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July Revolution
In France, the bourgeoisie were bothered by Charles X’s publication of restrictive ordinances contrary to the Charter of 1814. This caused the bourgeoisie to secure a social and political power called the July Monarchy. This Revolution abdicated Charles X and brought Louis Philippe to the throne. This marked the shift of one constitutional monarchy to another monarchy -
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Belgian National Revolts
Belgian rebels became unsettled due to domination of the Dutch over the economic and social institutions of Belgium. This increased unrest within working classes leading to rebellion of Belgium working class against Netherland leadership. The revolts took place in Belgium and Netherlands. At the end of the revolution, Netherlands seceded from Belgium and Belgium became and independent state. Belgium gained religious freedom along with educational freedom and freedom of the press -
British Reform Bill of 1832
In England and Wales, Prime Minister Charles Grey introduced the Reform Bill to the House of Commons, and eventually passed House of Lords in Britain. This Bill transferred voting privileges from small boroughs controlled by the nobility to populated industrial towns. This amended representation of the people in England and Wales. This significantly changed the electoral system in Britain. -
Italian National Revolts
This series of revolts occurred in Italy. The Italian States revolted against the Austrian Empire because they desired a liberal government. Italian revolutionaries worked to drive out the Austrians. The Revolts failed, but some states obtained limited liberal constitutions. The significance was that despite all their efforts, Austria remained in a divided Italy. -
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German Revolutions of 1848
In Germanic states, public unrest began to grow due to heavy taxation and political censorship. German residents and rebels coordinated protests and rebellions in the states of the German Confederation against Austrian dominance. All their efforts failed. Although there was little political change, there was significant social and cultural change. -
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Italian Revolution of 1848
Italian rebels in Italian states revolted against Bourbon rule because they were discontent with living conditions and poor governing. They aimed at becoming a unified nation and following a liberal democratic constitution. This revolution ended in failure. Just like the German Revolution, they gained significant cultural and social change, but barely any political change. -
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French Revolution of 1848
The citizens of France were discontent with the current French monarchy and upset due to the economic depression in the country. They caused countless riots throughout France to call attention to poor governance. At the end of the revolution, King Louis Philippe was overthrown and Louis Napoléon Bonaparte was elected as President of the Second French Empire. This event was significant because after the revolution the government created "National Workshops" for the unemployed in France. -
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Polish Revolution
Worsening economic conditions in Poland caused Polish revolutionaries to revolt and demand improvement of the workers' living conditions and political freedoms. The Polish revolutionaries challenged the Russian Army in Russia and Congress Poland. At the end of the revolution, the Polish revolutionaries had been defeated and the Russian government gained a victory. This was significant because although they lost, there was an evolution of Polish political parties and thought.