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Wolfe Tone creates Society of United Irishmen
Wolfe Tone founds the Society of United Irishmen:
Aims: - Catholic Emancipation
- Parlimentary Reform
- 1787 = 100,000 supporters -
Wolfe Tone Rebellion
Wolfe Tone Rellion:
-Seperate uprisings
-Local Grievences
-Catholic rebellion VS Protestants
-'Scorched Earth ' policy
-Overall death toll = 30,000
-French failed to reach Bantray Bay in numbers after a storm -
Act of Union
- Pitt = union + emancipation
+ Economically
+ Fairer for Catholics
Disadvantages: - Nationality and Patriotism- Passed 158 - 115
- Both churches united
- Irish parliment incorportated into British parli
-Free trade Consequences:
- Irish Protestants identified with the Union
- Catholics anti-unionist
- No economic benefits for Ireland
- Religious and National Divide strengthened -
Catholic Association formed
- Formed by O'Connell and supporters
- Aim for civil and ploitical rights for Catholics
- 'Catholic Rent' 1 penny a month subsription grew support - Raised £20,000 in first 9 months
- Open air meetings
- Outstanding public speaker
- 'The Deliverer'
- ' Brinkmanship' - pushing a dangerous situation further rather than to concede
- Press and posters Supporters:
- SW Ireland - Munster
- Urban and Rural Middle Class - professionals and peasantry
- Parish Priests - -
Roman Catholic Emancipation
- Passed as a result of Whig and Liberal support - PEEL
- Full civil and political rights to RCs
- 40 shilling freehold > £10 household suffrage ( Vote to every male head of every household possessing £10 per annum
- Torys > Conservative
- Emergence of Irish Party under O'C -
The Great Reform Bill
- Redistribution of parlimentary seats to make it correspond with the population distribution
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The Coercion Act
- Against O'C mainly
- Toughest piece of law amd order legislation in Ireland in thr 19thC
- Wide powers of arrest, imprisonment and control of public meetings
- Successfully deminished violence in Ireland
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The Irish Church Act
- Abolished 10 sees
- Reformed the unrepresentative Church of Ireland
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The Litchfield House Compact
- Whig <> Irish Alliance
- Alliance created to remove Peel and the Conservative govt
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Corporations Act
- Reformed local urban governments in ENG and WALES
- Local councillers represented the local community for 3 yrs
- All who paid could vote after 3yrs
- 58 Abolsihed
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Repeal Campaign
1840 - 1844 Support:
- Peasantry
- Catholic Church
- Young Ireland
- Catholic middle class less committed > immediate material gains instead of Union Aims:
- More represented reform of Irish parilament
- Improve Ireland socially Methods:
- Repeal Rent - financied
- Monster Meetings - 4 million attendance 1843 Failure:
- Strong postion Peel - conservative
- Weak O'C party (19mps)
- Irish electorate not so strong after 40 shilling freehold
- Disunited Irish support - middle class
- Young Ire -
Clontarf Meeting
- Meeting banned by the authorities
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Famine
1845 - 1849
Potatoe Blight -
Irish Board of Works
- Men employed in Irish works to provide income
- Successful for a small period
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Maynooth College
- Catholic college running low on cash
- Peel gave them a grant
- Massive protest in ENG > seen to be supporting Catholics
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Repeal of Corn Laws
- Peel removed the tax on corn entering the UK
- Little affect > unafforadable
- PEEL > Lord John Russel
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Labour Rate Act
Irish hunger relief and the creation of jobs the financial responsibillity of the local taxation -
Soup Kitchens
- Free distribution of food
- Fed 3million
- Private charities and voluntary orgainsations provided as well e.g. Quakers
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Poor Law System
- 200,000 accepted into the workhouses
- Disease riden -inancied by the Poor Law rates - Poor Law Unions became bankrupt
- Outdoor Relief - 800,000
- Poor rates caused landlords to evict tenants off their land
- Landlords murdered
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Widow McCormack's Cabbage Patch
- John Mitchel
- Badly led and organised
- No mass support - starved peasantry
- RC Church against it
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Encumbered Estates Act
- Whig
- Speed up sale of land
- New enterprising landlords
- 3000 1850s sold
- Most rack renting Buying them while thery are cheap
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Fenians founded
Fenians founded Revolutionary organisation -
Fenian Outrages
- Manchester Martyrs - killed 1 policemen > rescue to Fenian leaders
- Blew up Clerkwell Prison wall > released prsioners > 12 dead
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Gladstone's 1st Ministry
- Libs in
- G wanted break up of PA dominance in Ireland
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Chruch Act - Disestablishment - Disendownment
- Unrepresentitive Church of Ireland Catholics = 5.75 million Church of Ireland = 0.75 million
+ Link between church and state broken Disendownment:
+ Disposal of Church property
- £10 million pensions/compensation
- £13 million secular/education/poverty Solved the major religious grievences of the RCs, but little affect to the rest of Ireland -
1st Land Act
- Problem = Landlord Tenant relations
- ULSTER Custom = Not be evicted for paying rents and had the right of Free Sale > getting compensation for the work the tenant put into the patch = became LAW ____ undefined
- Eviction = - Compensation for work done
- Compensation for being evicted for any other reason but non payment of rent_____ ignored - Land Purchase = - Purchasing land of the landlord > state grant _____No incentive for landlords to sell
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Home Rule Association founded - BUTT
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Universities Bill
- National non-denominal University of Dublin > Trinity College and future Catholic Colleges
- MASSIVE difficulites: no state grant - defeated by 3 votes > G resigned but came back
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Home Rule Party >>> Home Rule League
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Obstructionism in HoCs
- Disrupt parliamentary buisness and focus the attention on Ireland
- Delaying the running of parliament
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European Depression 1877-79
- Poor harvests - potatoe failure
- Slump in food prices
- 1879 = 6000 people turned off the land
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Davitt and Devoy
- Davitt (Constitional Nationalist) met Devoy in US
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Irish National Land League Founded = Davitt
- Parnell became President
- 3 F's
- Free Sale
- Fair Rent
- Fixity of Tenure
- Low rents or no rents
- Helped evicted tenants
- Boycott vs farmers taking over evicted tenant lands + vs evicting landlords -
Land War 1879 - 82
- Micheal Davitt
- Violence vs landlords
- 2500 incidents reported in 1880 - murders, assaults and attacks
- Sporadic attacks made it hard for the authorites to react
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The New Departure
Davitt = agarian radical
Devoy = revolutionary nat
Parnell = consitutional nat Support for tenant demands and Irish self-gov -
General Election
Liberal Victory >>>> Big G Parnell elected leader of IPP ( 23v to 18) -
Coercion Act
- People suspected of committing a crime could be put on trial
- Davitt arrested and 36 MPs suspended
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2nd Land Act
- Introduced 3 F's
- Free sale = compensation
- Fixity of Tenure = not be evicted for paying rent
- Fair rents = for tenants - fixed for 15yrs
- Land purchase scheme - favoured tenants
- Did not solve the problems of land
- Introduced 3 F's
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Phoenix Park Murders
- Irish revolutionary group (Fenians) = The Invincibles
- Murdered 2 British
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Kilmainham Treaty
Gladstone and Parnell agreement G = Relax Coercion and Land Acts, free Parnell
P = Stop violence and support Land Acts -
National League Founded
Founded by Parnell- National self-government
- Political organisation
- Looking for support across all Irish Society
- 1000 branches across Ireland
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General Election
- IPP won every seat in Ireland south of Ulster - 86 seats
- 86 -86 Tory - Libs
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1st Home Rule Bill
- Gladstone not public about HR = repercusions
- Parnell switched to Libs (G)
- Reform of Irish politics = Orders , Irish self-gov
- Land purchase scheme = buyout £50 million landlords
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Fall of Parnell
Death 1891 -
2nd Home Rule Bill
-Passed by Commons > rejected by Lords Terms:
+ All Ireland - Nationalism
+ Parliament power divsion
+ 80 Irish MPs = Westminster FAIL -
Wyndham's Land Act
Land Purchase Scheme Made sale of land quicker and govt grant supported tenant -
Ulster Unionist Council Formed
- Represented Ulster Unionism = Orange Order = Unionist Clubs
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3rd Home Rule Bill
Terms:
+ Irish Parliament
+ Limited powers of control for Irish parliament
+ represented at Westminster = 42 MPs Ulster included in self-govt Ireland = Delayed by 2 yrs due to rejection by Lords -
UVF + Irish Volunteers Formed
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WW1 + Curragh Mutiny
Interrupted passing of HR Mutiny
+ British forces 'absent from duty'
+ Weaknered army & police -
Easter Rebellion
-Connolly + Pearse leaders- 'Blood sacrifice' = over victory
- Control of post office
- Outnumbered no backup - only 1600 men
- No support
- 450 rebels + civis dead
- 2000 wounded
- 116 British fatalities
- 400 wounded
- 3000 arrested
- 90 sentanced to death
- 15 died 75 prison
- Key figues executed
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Sinn Fein
- De Valera Leader
- Iish nationalist organisation = revolutionary
- Popular support
- Took over from IPP
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Government of Ireland Act
-Home rule to both Ulster and South- 2 parliaments
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Anglo - Irish War 1919 - 1921
- IRA = Collins > murder and harassment
- British responded with force:
- Dail illegal
- powers of arrest and imprisonment
- ban revolutionary publications - Black and Tans
- Escelated violence - 'Bloddy Sunday'
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Anglo-Irish Treaty
- IRA incapable of defeating British - 752 dead/ 866 wounded
- Lloyd George unpopular in GB
- Full control of domestic affairs
- membership to GB empire
- alligence to crown
- dominion status
