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Battle of Horseshoe Bend
Andrew Jackson defeats the Creek Indians. He dictated peace terms to the Creek, who gave up 23 million acres of land in present-day Georgia and Alabama. -
First Seminole War
Jackson lead an expedition to Florida. The Seminoles, some discontented Creek, and groups of escaped slaves had been raiding American settlements north of the Florida-Georgia border. Jackson defeated the Seminole and pursued them into northwest Florida. Jackson's campaign became an issue in American-Spanish relations -
Jackson Becomes Provisional Governor of Florida Territory
Two years after the United States acquired Florida, Jackson became provisional governor of the new territory. He did not enjoy this post and served only until December of 1821. -
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Formation of Democratic Party
The Democratic Party was formed under Andrew Jackson -
Election of 1824: John Quincy Adams Elected
Four Democratic Republicans ran for office: Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, William Crawford and Henry Clay. Although Jackson received a majority of electoral votes, the election went to the House of Representatives and John Quincy Adams was chosen. Many called this the "Corrupt Bargain" -
Tariff of 1828/Tariff of Abominations Passed
This tariff taxed inexpensives imports. The tax helped protect the manufacturing industry in the North. It harmed the South because these states had to pay more for good they couldn't themselves produce. -
South Carolina Exposition and Protest was written
John Calhoun anonymously wrote this document criticizing the Tariff of Abominations. He questioned the constitutionality of tariff and argued that a state had the right to nullify such a law. -
Debate Between Robert Hayne and Daniel Webster
Sen. Samuel Foot (CT) proposed that Congress investigate the desirability of termporarily limiting public land sales. This prompted Thomas Hart Benton (MO) to claim that eastern manufacturing interests wished to restrict the prosperity of new western states. Sen. Robert Hayne (SC) was eager to create a sectional alliance to defeat the tariff, so he supported Benton. Daniel Webster (MA) got in on the debate arguing for the Constitutional basis of the union. -
Jackson signs the Indian Removal Act
The Act appropirated $500,000 to negotiate new treaties with southern Indians, specifically the Five Civilized Tribes -- Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole. The tribes would voluntarily leave their lands east of the Mississippi and resettle in present-day Oklahoma. -
Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia
Cherokees took the state of Georgia to court claiming that the Cherokee nation was a foreign nation with its own constitution and laws. Because Georgia is a state, it had no right to pass laws on foreign nations. The Supreme Court would not hear the case. -
Worcester vs. Georgia
Georgia had passed a law requirining all white people who live in Cherokee territory to get a licence from the state. Samuel Worcester who was a missionary working among the Cherokee refused to do so. He was arrested. The court decided that states do not have the power to make laws in Native American territories -
Jackson Vetoes Act to Recharter the Second Bank of the United States
Although the bank's authorization ran until 1836, the president of the bank, Nicholas Biddle, sought to renew the charter in January 1832. Jackson hated the bank, believing rumors that the bank had bought votes for Adams in the 1828 Presidentail election. -
Jackson Signs New Tariff Act
The new tariff reduced duties to levels slightly below those set by the tariff of 1828. The reaffirmation of protectionism strengthened the pronullification party in South Carolina. -
South Carolina's State Convention Meets
The state passed an ordinance declaring the tariff acts of 1828 and 1832 null and void, prohibiting the collection of customs duties within the state and threatening secession. If the federal government used force, the legislature made provision for raising nd arming troops and elected John Calhoun. -
Congress Passes Force Bill
Jackson had issues at the end of 1832 a proclamation to South Carolina that federal laws could not be disobeyed, that secession was illegal and that disunion by armed force is treason. He then asked Congress to endorce the use of military action to enforce federal laws. -
Federal Government Begins to Deposit to State Banks
Jackson ensures that the deposits in the Bank of the United States are moved to 22 state banks. By the end of the year, the government deposits had been essentially moved. -
Deposit Act
This law expanded the number of "pet banks" to almost 100 and distributed the $5 million federal surplus to the states. This was in addition to the $22 million already deposited in state banks from the Second Bank. These banks were underregulated and unable to absorb these funds. They issued loans and printed money that exceeded their assets causing the Panic of 1837. -
Jackson Issues the Specie Circular
This executive order stated that public lands can only be bought with gold and silver.
