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Plessy v. Ferguson
Plessy v Ferguson started because Plessy refused to sit on a bus full of blacks. He believed his constitutional rights were being violated -
President Roosevelt bans discrimination in defense military
In 1941, many jobs were being created. Many African Americans moved to the big cities for jobs. They were not being employed due to discrimination. So, many black leaders went to talk to Elanor Roosevelt. This is when President Roosevelt banned discrimination in defense military. -
CORE formed
Stands for Congress of Racial Equality. This became one of the leading activist organizations in the earlier years of the civil rights movement. This organization showed people it's possible to achieve change without going through violence. -
Jackie Robinson
The first African American to play baseball in Major League, in modern times -
Truman desegregates military
Truman didn't feel comfortable issuing Executive Order No. 9981 until the Democratic National Convention called for a liberal civil rights plank that included desegregation of the armed forces. -
America Increases aid to the French
America didn't want to get into direct contact with a colonial war so when they saw the French doing bad, they increased their aid to the French -
Brown v. Board of Education
Earl Warren said that "in a field of public education the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place," because segregated schools are unequal. It takes away people's rights. -
French surrender
The U.S. cut out the French as middle-men in all its assistance for Vietnam and began to deal directly with Diem, his government, and his armed forces. The French didn't like this and got worse. -
SEATO formed
SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) was formed by the United States, France, Great Britain, New Zealand, Australia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Pakistan. This was formed to stop communism from gaining ground in the region. -
Bus Boycotts
This is the first large-scale U.S. demonstration against segregation. It all started when Rosa Parks, an African-American woman, didn't give her seat up to a white man. Montgomery had to integrate its bus system because they were ordered by the U.S. Supreme Court. -
"Southern Manifesto"
Also known as The Declaration of Constitutional Principals. 82 representatives and 19 senators signed it. This was in defiance against the Supreme Court case Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka. The Manifesto went on to attack Brown because it's an abuse of Judicial power that violets states rights. -
Accords call for free election
The United States supported Diem for blocking elections so Vietnam doesn't reunify -
SCLC founded
Also known as Southern Christian Leadership Conference, is a civil rights group. The main founders were Martin Luther King, Jr., Bayard Rustin, Ralph Abernathy, Fred Shuttlesworth. This was founded so they could better coordinate civil rights protest activities all across the South. -
Vietcong forms
Also known as the National Liberation Front. Vietcong was communists with the support of the North Vietnamese army to fight the South Vietnamese and US forces in the Vietnam War. -
Little Rock 9
A group of black students decided to enroll at an all-white school. This all happened in Little Rock, Arkansas. This was a test to the Brown v. Board of Education case because it declared segregation in public education was unconstitutional. On their first day of school, the Arkansas National Guard blocked the black students from entering the school. Later, the President sent federal troops to escort the nine students so they could enter the school safely. -
NASA is created
Stands for National Aeronautics and Space Administration, which is a group to keep track of what America does in space. They have launched satellites to orbit earth so we can have weather forecasting. NASA was made because the Soviet Union launched its first satellite. -
Castro overthrows Batista's regime
FIdel Castro's July Movement made Fulgencio Batista flee the island nation. Batista had taken tens of thousands people, mostly Cubans to the Dominican Republic. Once he left, Castro moved in so they could obtain their power. -
Greensboro Sit-in
A civil rights protest put together by young African-American students that were denied service in a segregated Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro, North Caroline. Sit-ins then spread through the entire South. The four students that started it, were inspired by non-violent protest techniques. -
SNCC formed
Also known as Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee which was a civil rights group that allowed younger blacks to have more of a voice. Ella Baker used to be the director of the SCLC but helped the first meeting of SNCC. She believed that SCLC, led by MLK, was not getting the younger peoples voice and opinion. So she encouraged the younger people to use the nonviolence tactic for social change. -
SDS is formed
Also known as Students for a Democratic Society, was a group that was against the Vietnam War. The president was Robert Alan Haber. The SDS organized the national march on Washington, D.C. -
Freedom Rides
These are bus trips that go through the American South to protest the segregated bus terminals. CORE is who organized these trips. Supreme Court in Boynton v. Virginia was tested by these rides because it was unconstitutiona to segregate transportation facilities. -
Bay of Pigs Invasion
The CIA launched what they thought would change things. They launched 1,400 American-trained Cubans who left their homes once Castro had power. This invasion did not end how they wanted too. Castros army easily outnumbered the invaders. The Cubans ended up surrendering after 24 hours of fighting. -
Peace Corps Formed
This was an agency set up by John F. Kennedy that asked for permanent funding from Congress. They would send American people to different nations and assist in development efforts. After it was created, Washington got a lot of letters from young Americans trying to volunteer. -
John Glenn 1st American to orbit Earth
John Glenn met every requirement that is needed to go into space for NASA. He was also known as one of the best pilots in the country. He was able to circle the globe three times in four hours and 56 minutes. The mission was successful and he came back home safely. Everyone called him a hero. He was awarded the Space Congressional Medal of Honor. -
Cuban Missile Crisis
leaders of the U.S. and the Soviet Union engaged in a 13-day political and military standoff over installation of nuclear-armed Soviet missiles on Cuba. -
Letter from Birmingham jail
Martin Luther King had gotten arrested for leading supporters in SCLC. While he was in jail, he wrote a letter to some local white ministers to justify his actions by not calling the demonstrations of the continued bloodshed from the local law enforcement officials. -
Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty
The United States, Soviet Union, and Great Britain all signed the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. This says that testing of nuclear weapons in outer space, underwater, or in the atmosphere was prohibited. JFK signed this three months before his assassination. This was the first step to take control of nuclear weapons. Fun fact: This treaty was signed the day before the 18th anniversary of the atomic bomb that was dropped in Japan during World War 2. -
16th St Baptist Church Bombing
At the 16th St Baptist Church before services on Sunday, there was a bomb that exploded. This church had an all-black congregation and was used as a meeting place for civil rights leaders. This bomb killed four young girls. This incident brought attention to how much African Americans struggle with civil rights. This was the third bombing that happened in 11 days. -
JFK assassination
While JFK was riding in a motorcade, he was assassinated. He was shot in the neck and head. He was doing a campaign visit when this happened. Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested for the assassination. -
Civil Rights Act
This act is what basically ended segregation. Public places and employers are not allowed to discriminate others based on race, color, religion, gender, or national origin. This was first presented by JFK but got opposed by southern members of Congress. It was signed into law by Kennedy's successor, Lyndon B. Johnson. -
Economic Op act
It authorized the formation of local Community Action Agencies as part of the War on Poverty. It's purpose strengthens, supplements, and coordinate efforts in furtherance of that policy. -
SNCC organizes freedom summer
Can also be referred to as the Mississippi Summer Project, Freedom Summer was put together by SNCC. It was a voting drive and got many people to register to vote sponsored by civil rights organizations. It didn't go as they planned because the KKK, police, and state authorities are violently taking out the activists. They were doing things like beatings, false arrests, arson and murder of at least three people. -
24th Amendment
The United States ratified the 24th Amendment because there was a poll tax to vote. This ratified amendment put an end on paying a fee to vote. -
Selma campaign/bloody Sunday
Around 600 people crossed the Edmund Pettus Bridge so they could begin the Selma to Montgomery march. These demonstrators were being peaceful but got violently attacked by state troopers. -
Voting rights act
Lyndon B. Johnson was the president that signed this act into law. It was to make their right to vote happen, instead of being prevented by state and local levels. This was considered to be one of the most far-reaching parts of the civil rights legislation in U.S. history. -
Operation Rolling Thunder
This was a codename for an American bombing campaign during the Vietnam War. This bombing targeted in different areas of North Vietnam. It was to cause pressure on North Vietnam's communist leaders. It reduces their capacity to declare war on the U.S. This event marked the first assault that America did and showed a bigger involvement in the war. -
Immigrant and Nationality Act
This act allowed more immigrants to come into the United States. Some people coming from Asia, Africa, and Latin America. It attacks workers which could be skilled labor in case I'm asked. -
Medicare and Medicaid
Medicare provides hospital and medical insurance for Americans 65 or older. A state and federally funded program that offers health coverage for low-income people. -
NEA
National Endowment for the Arts worked with federal agencies, state and local governments, state and regional arts agencies, and private nonprofits on national initiatives. -
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
A cornerstone of President Johnson's "War on Poverty." It brought education into the forefront of the national assault on poverty. -
Water Quality Act
requires the states to issue water quality standards for interstate waters, and authorized the newly created Federal Water Pollution Control Administration to set standards where states failed to do so. -
Black panthers and "Black power"
Black Panthers were apart of the Black Panther Party. This was a political organization that was founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale. The point was to challenge the police brutality against any African American. They would dress in all black like black leather jackets and black berets. Armed citizen patrols around the cities are organized by them. There were about 2,000 members in this organization. People started to threaten them and FBI counterintelligence weakened the organization. -
Air Quality Act
Allows research for air pollution to expand. This is a blueprint for systematic effort to deal with air pollution problems on a regional basis. -
First African American in Justice System
Thurgood Marshall was the first African American to be confirmed as a Supreme Court justice. As a child, he would have to read the constitution when he wasn't being good. He graduated from Lincoln University in 1930. Then he graduated from Howard University Law School in 1933. By the time he was 32, he became the chief counsel of the NAACP. President Johnson had appointed Marshall to the Supreme Court with a confirmed decision by the Senate with a 69-11 vote. -
Congress divides into Hawks and Doves
Hawks were people who supported the war and wanted to fight communism whereas Doves question the war on moral and strategic grounds. Doves were not persuaded that Vietnam was a vital Cold War battleground. -
Nixon wins Election
After losing to JFK for eight years, Richard Nixon beats Hubert H. Humphrey and is elected president. -
Tet Offensive
Vietcong and North Vietnamese forces surprised South Vietnam by attacking them on scores of cities, towns, and hamlets. For the Vietnam war, this was a turning point. -
RFK assassinated
Robert Kennedy is shot several times at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. The person that shot him was a 22-year-old Palestinian named Sirhan Sirhan. Then he died a day later. This all happened after he won the California presidential primary. Most people thought he was the only person who could unite everyone. The minority communities loved him for his devotion to the civil rights cause. Sirhan was only a foot away when he fired several shots out of a rolled up campaign poster that hid a gun -
My Lai Massacre
This was the scariest thing that unarmed civilians had to go through during the Vietnam War. There was a company of American Soldiers that killed all people, women, men, and children. They slaughtered more than 500 people. Mothers would be in front of their children and get shot down. The kids would run but get slaughtered too. They would burn huts down and anyone trying to escape would get gunned down. Soldiers would even rape women before killing them, 17 got pregnant. They even got 56 infants -
MLK assassination
He was killed in Memphis Tennessee. He was shot in the back of the neck while at his hotel. They rushed him to the hospital where they pronounced him dead an hour later. He was 39 when he died. -
Tinker v. Des Moines
A historic Supreme Court ruling that allowed cemented students' rights to say what they want in public schools. -
America is first to the moon
Neil Armstrong and Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin were the first humans to land on the moon. Six hours later and Neil Armstrong was the first one to walk on the moon. -
EPA
This act stands for Environmental Policy Act which is why its here. To protect our plants/ -
Nixon attempts to break stalemate
He pulled out the U.S. forces out of Cambodia. This would help Cambodia by letting Khmer Rouge seize power in Cambodia. -
26th amendment is added to the constitution
It says if you are old enough to fight in war, then you are old enough to vote. People thought it was crazy that young men had to fight for the country but couldn't vote for their president or anyone. -
Publication of Pentagon Papers
Pentagon Papers is a name that was given to a top-secret Department of Defense study in the U.S. political and military involvement. -
Paris Peace Accords
The United States, South Vietnam, Viet Cong, and North Vietnam all signed "an agreement ending the war and restoring peace in Vietnam." -
War Powers Act
A congressional resolution designed to limit the U.S. president's ability to initiate or escalate military actions abroad. -
Vietnam becomes one nation
North and South Vietnam are formally united as Socialist Republic of Vietnam under hardline communist rule. -
Vietnam invades cambodia
This event was aturning point and only extended the war. It was to remove Pol Pot.
