-
anough troops for ww1
Draft -
November Criminals
On Nov 11, 1918, Germany agreed to an armistice ---> angered Hitler. Hitler called those who surrendered “November Criminals” -
Business cycle
model representing the nations economic activity and strength. -
Rise of the Nazi party
In 1920, Hitler helps form the Nazi Party (German Nationalist Socialists Party)
Beer Hall Putsch: Hitler and his Nazis try to overthrow the new
democracy in a large beer hall in Munich.
16 of his men are killed. Hitler flees and is later arrested on high treason.
While in prison Hitler writes “Mein Kampf”
Learns lesson: Must destroy democracy from within
Served 8 months and was released -
MAIN
(M = Militarism, A = Alliances, I = Imperialism, and N = Nationalism.) MILITARISM was one of the four major causes of the war. It was an “arms race.” Because Britain had a large navy, Germany wanted a large navy too. -
Uneven distribution of income
during the '20s the rich got richer and the poor got poorer. U.S wealth was concentrated in a small percentage of the population. Not everyone participated in the economic boom of the '20s. this made the country unstable. -
neutrality to engagement
there were a few reasons for this move. The first was Germany's decision to resume unrestricted submarine warfare against the Allies. The United States was nearly pushed into a war with Germany in 1915 with the sinking of the Lusitania. After some tense messages, Germany agreed to back off and only attack belligerent ships. The Germans knew that they had to starve Britain into submission in order to end the war quickly, so they resumed sinking... Zimmerman note -
Over planting
the great plains had been overplanted in the '20s. Fields were used over and over, and the nutrients had been used up. No "cover crops" were planted to keep the soil down, resulting in dust storms. -
Stock Market
stocks are shares in a company. people were buying stocks on margin. -
Hoboes
Men who had been wage earners now suffered because they saw themselves as failures because they couldn't support their families. Many became hoboes, wandering the country. -
Stock Market crash
the new york stock market on wall street collapsed. -
Period: to
The Great Depression
The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s, beginning in the United States. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations; in most countries it started in 1929 and lasted until the late-1930s. -
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
-the U.S passed the tariff in the 1930s stopping the flow of foreign goods in the U.S through high taxes. it was designed to protect U.S products from the foreighn competition, but it just stopped foreign countries from purchasing American goods. -
Hoovers Response
Hoover believed that the depression could be stopped through voluntary action (working hard and helping yourself), not direct releif (cash payments are given directly to the poor) -
Hitler Takes Control
In 1925 Paul von Hindenburg President of the Weimar Republic.
1932 Nazi Party had become the largest party in the Reichstag; -38% majority (Similar to Parliament or Congress)
Hitler was appointed Chancellor in 1933 (2nd in command) -
Hitler takes control part 2
February 1933 the Reichstag burned down; blamed Communists
Reichstag responded suppressing communists and others and passed the-“Enabling Act” which transferred its power to the president
(dissolved power of Reichstag) -1934 President Von Hindenburg died & Hitler was declared “The Fuhrer”-The Dictator -
Why was Germany angry at end of WW1
-loss of land
-military restrictions
-war reparations
-had to sign war guilt cause -
Nuremburg Laws
Examples of Nuremberg Laws:
i. Jews were stripped of German citizenship (could no longer vote)
ii. Marriage between Jews & Germans was forbidden
iii. Jews were excluded from public office, practicing law, medicine, teaching
iv. Jews had curfews, had to wear yellow star for public ID
v. Allowed for open & legal terrorism against Jews -
Bonus Army
in the spring of 1932, between 10 and 20 thousand WWI vets came to Washington to demand their war bonuses early. at first, Hoover listened but then he sent the army after them in July to make them leave -
Kristallnacht
i. The Night of Broken Glass- anti-Semitic riots in Germany and Austria.
ii. 30,000 Jews rounded up and taken to concentration camps
iii. Homes, businesses, and synagogues destroyed -
Austria, Czech, and Poland
Following the Anschluss of Austria to Nazi Germany, in March 1938, the conquest of Czechoslovakia became Hitler's next ambition. The incorporation of the Sudetenland into Germany that began on 1 October 1938 left the rest of Czechoslovakia weak, and it became powerless to resist subsequent occupation. invaded poland in 1939 -
Key victories for the allies
Battle of midway - Battle of Guadalcanal - Iwo Jima -
Fascism
Fascism is a form of radical, right-wing, authoritarian ultranationalism, characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition, and strong regimentation of society and of the economy, which came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe. -
Luftwaffe
The Luftwaffe (German pronunciation: [ˈlʊftvafə] ( listen)) was the aerial warfare branch of the combined German Wehrmacht military forces during World War II. -
France ww2
fell within the first 6 months. leaving great Britain fighting alone. -
Doolittle Raid
a. James Doolittle led a raid on Tokyo with BK25 bombers
b. Helped boost American Morale
c. Showed the Japanese were not invincible
d. Inflicted little damage to the city -
President and event -Truman
1945 – WWII ends with Truman’s decision to drop A-bomb on Japan
1954 – The United Nations is created
1946 – W. Churchill claimed an Iron Curtain has descended upon Europe
1947 – *Truman Doctrine aid is aimed at saving Greece & Turkey
1948 – U.S.S.R. cuts off supply route to W. Berlin and U.S. responds with an airlift
1948 – *Marshall Plan aid will rebuild Western Europe
1949 – U.S.S.R. detonates their first A-bomb
1949 – Civil War in China turns most populous country into communist -
in order
Hitler was chancellor.
Germany invades Poland.
pearl harbor was bombed.
Germany surrenders.
atomic bomb on Hiroshima. -
Potsdam Conference
The Potsdam Conference is perhaps best known for President Truman's July 24, 1945 conversation with Stalin, during which time the President informed the Soviet leader that the United States had successfully detonated the first atomic bomb on July 16, 1945 -
Berlin Airlift
The Berlin Airlift could be called the first battle of the Cold War. It was when western countries delivered much needed food and supplies to the city of Berlin through the air because all other routes were blocked by the Soviet Union. -
When and why was the United Nations created?
The Formation of the United Nations, 1945. On January 1, 1942, representatives of 26 nations at war with the Axis powers met in Washington to sign the Declaration of the United Nations endorsing the Atlantic Charter , pledging to use their full resources against the Axis and agreeing not to make a separate peace.October 24, 1945, San Francisco, CA -
Why use atom bomb
-shorten war
-save lives
-they wouldn't surrender
---Truman -
Truman Doctrine
aid aimed at saving Greece and Turkey. The Truman Doctrine was an American foreign policy whose stated purpose was to counter Soviet geopolitical expansion during the Cold War. It was announced to Congress by President Harry S. Truman on March 29, 1947, and further developed on July 4, 1948, when he pledged to contain threats in Greece and Turkey. -
Hollywood 10
10 members of Hollywood film industry publicly denounced the tactics employed by the(HUAC)during its probe of alleged communist influence in the American motion picture business. These prominent screenwriters and directors, who became known as the Hollywood Ten, received jail sentences and were banned from working for the major Hollywood studios.center stage in a national debate over the anti-communist crackdown in the U.S in the 1945-1950.The Hollywood blacklist came to an end in the 1960s. -
Marshall plan
Aid will rebuild Western Europe. The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was an American initiative passed in 1948 to aid Western Europe, in which the United States gave over $12 billion (nearly $100 billion in 2018 US dollars) in economic assistance to help rebuild Western European economies after the end of World War II. -
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss was an American government official who was accused of being a Soviet spy in 1948 and convicted of perjury in connection with this charge in 1950. Before he was tried and convicted, he was involved in the establishment of the United Nations both as a U.S. State Department official and as a U.N. official. -
President and event -Truman pt 2
1949 – *N.A.T.O. The alliance is created to offset Soviet influence in E. Europe
1950 – *Korean Conflict begins; as a result, United Nations police action begins to defend S. Korea
1950 – (R) Sen. J. McCarthy claims communists have infested the government, starts 2nd Red Scare
1951 – Rosenbergs are tried and sentenced for providing nuclear secrets to the Soviets; executed 1953
1952 – The first H-Bomb is detonated by U.S. -
NATO
NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty Organization) is an international alliance that consists of 29 member states from North America and Europe. It was established at the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949. -
Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong, also known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese communist revolutionary who became the founding father of the People's Republic of China, which he ruled as the Chairman of the Communist Party of China from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976. -
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were American citizens who spied on behalf of the Soviet Union and were tried, convicted, and executed by the federal government of the United States. -
Korean War
The Korean War began when North Korean troops pushed into South Korea on June 25, 1950, and it lasted until 1953. But experts said the military conflict could not be properly understood without considering its historical context. -
Berlin after ww2
Division of Germany after WWII. AFTER its defeat in World War II, Germany was divided into four zones under the control of the United States, Britain, France and the former Soviet Union. The division, nevertheless, was provisional. ... For the Western Powers, the economic reconstruction of Germany was given priority. -
why korean war
The Korean War (1950-1953) began when the North Korean Communist army crossed the 38th Parallel and invaded non-Communist South Korea. As Kim Il-sung's North Korean army, armed with Soviet tanks, quickly overran South Korea, the United States came to South Korea's aid.1950 -
Ammemdments
Amendments 11 through 27 cover a range of rights as well as limitations:
Amendment 11 establishes judicial limits.
Amendment 12 outlines the process for electing the President and Vice President.
Amendment 13 abolishes slavery.
Amendment 14 describes the privileges of citizenship.
Amendment 15 states that the right to vote shall not be denied on account of race.
Amendment 16 gives Congress the power to collect income taxes. -
Ammendments
Amendment 17 establishes the election of Senators by popular vote.
Amendment 18 prohibited the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors.
Amendment 19 states that the right to vote shall not be denied on account of sex.
Amendment 20 sets the beginning of congressional and presidential terms of office.
Amendment 21 repeals the eighteenth amendment.
Amendment 22 defines presidential term limits. -
Macarther
(cold war)Douglas MacArthur was born in Little Rock, Arkansas, on January 26, 1880. After graduating from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1903, he fought in World War I, and in World War II was the commander of Allied forces in the Pacific. When he criticized President Harry Truman's handling of the Korean War, he was relieved of his command. MacArthur died on April 5, 1964, and was buried in Norfolk, Virginia. -
Joseph McCarthy
(cold war)He is known for alleging that numerous Communists and Soviet spies and sympathizers had infiltrated the United States federal government, universities, film industry, and elsewhere. Ultimately, the smear tactics that he used led him to be censured by the U.S. Senate. -
MacArthur pt 2
general MacArthur made it well known that he wanted to go all out war against China. Truman fired MacArthur for public criticism. -
Why was General McArthur fired by Pres. Truman toward the end of the Korean Conflict?
The general assured the president that the Korean War would be short-lived and that the American troops would be home by Christmas. MacArthur was initially successful in driving back the North Korean forces over the 38th parallel.when he continued to push the North Koreans further north and suggested bombing cities in China that were thought to be aiding the North Korean troops. In pushing for a larger conflict, MacArthur downplayed the risk of inciting a massive war in Asia. -
President and event -Eisenhower
1953 – Stalin Dies
1953 – Korean Conflict ends in a stalemate at the 38th parallel
1954 – *S.E.A.T.O. Alliance forms to pr0tect S.E. Asia
1955 – Mutually Assured Destruction or MAD Plan introduced by John Foster Dulles
1955 – S.U. creates Warsaw Pact to offset NATO
1956 – New Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev proposes idea of “peaceful coexistence”
1957 – Sputnik launches the U.S. & Soviets into a space race
1957 – *Eisenhower Doctrine is offered to Middle East countries -
Ceasefire Korea
a ceasefire was finally signed at panmunion july 27, 1953 -
McCarthy Hearings
The Army–McCarthy hearings were a series of hearings held by the United States Senate's Subcommittee on Investigations (April–June 1954) to investigate conflicting accusations between the United States Army and U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy. -
Dwight Eisenhower
During World War II, he was a five-star general in the United States Army and served as supreme commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces in Europe. also president from 1953 to 1961 -
John Foster Dulles
A Republican, he served as United States Secretary of State under President Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1959. He was a significant figure in the early Cold War era, advocating an aggressive stance against communism throughout the world. -
Warsaw Pact
The Warsaw Pact, formally known as the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, was a collective defence treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland between the Soviet Union and seven Eastern Bloc satellite states of Central and Eastern Europe in May 1955, during the Cold War. -
Eisenhower Doctrine
Under the Eisenhower Doctrine, a Middle Eastern country could request American economic assistance or aid from U.S. military forces if it was being threatened by armed aggression. ... The phrase "international communism" made the doctrine much broader than simply responding to Soviet military action. -
What was the result of the Korean Conflict?
Armistice ends the Korean War. After three years of a bloody and frustrating war, the United States, the People's Republic of China, North Korea, and South Korea agree to an armistice, bringing the Korean War to an end. The armistice ended America's first experiment with the Cold War concept of “limited war -
How did the Vietnam War begin?
How did the Vietnam War start? On May 07, 1954, Viet Minh forces won the Battle of Dien Bien Phu and ended French involvement in Indochina. ... Following through on that commitment, American aid to South Vietnam began as early as in January, 1955. -
Korean war Vocab
Demilitarized Zone- a region between countries in which no military activity is permitted
Stalemate- a military situation in which neither side can gain an advantage
Militarization- a society organized around preparing for military conflict
Containment- America's policy of stopping communism from spreading
Capitalism- Economic stystem based on private property, including private ownership of the means of production, and profit motive. -
Summmit in Geneva
The Geneva Summit was seen as an extremely important building block to better friendships and more open communication between the leaders of "The Big Four". The creation of an international community was introduced as a way to help relieve global tensions and mistrust.President Dwight D. Eisenhower of the United States, Prime Minister Anthony Eden of Britain, Premier Nikolai A. Bulganin of the Soviet Union, and Prime Minister Edgar Faure of France. -
Korean war Vocab pt 2
United Nations- international peace-keeping organization after ww2
Communist- a system of government in which a single party controls a state-owned economy.
Truman Doctrine- a policy that America would provide economic and military aid to any nation fighting communism.
38th Parallel- divides north and south korea -
Nikita Kroushchev
new Soviet premier. Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev was a Soviet statesman who led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War as the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, or Premier, from 1958 to 1964. -
President and event -Eisenhower pt 2
1959 – Communist dictator Fidel Castro (Cuba), takes power and seizes all US assets and priv.
property1960 – Francis Gary Powers is shot down in his U-2 spy plane over U.S.S.R. -
U-2 Incident
U-2 Incident, (1960), confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union that began with the shooting down of a U.S. U-2 reconnaissance plane over the Soviet Union and that caused the collapse of a summit conference in Paris between the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and France. -
Containment
The strategy of "containment" is best known as a Cold War foreign policy of the United States and its allies to prevent the spread of communism after the end of World War II. -
Satellite nations
The term satellite nation was first used to describe certain nations in the Cold War. These were nations that were aligned with, but also under the influence and pressure of, the Soviet Union. The satellite nations of the Cold War were Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and East Germany. -
Berlin wall
To stop this, on August 13, 1961, the Communist government of East Germany built a wall separating East and West Berlin. The wall was built to keep the country's people in. But the Soviets and East German government said it was to keep capitalism out. -
Bay of pigs
Bay of Pigs invasion, (April 17, 1961), abortive invasion of Cuba at the Bahía de Cochinos (Bay of Pigs), or Playa Girón (Girón Beach) to Cubans, on the southwestern coast by some 1,500 Cuban exiles opposed to Fidel Castro. The invasion was financed and directed by the U.S. government -
President and event -Kennedy
1961 – Soviets begin constructing Berlin Wall
1961 – Bay of Pigs invasion by 1500 CIA-trained Cuban exiles in attempt to overthrow Castro (Failure)
1962 – U.S. President JFK and Soviet Premiere Khrushchev involve world in the Cuban Missile Crisis
1963 – JFK is shot and killed in Dallas, TX -
Cuban Missle Crisis
The Cuban Missile Crisis, also known as the October Crisis of 1962, the Caribbean Crisis, or the Missile Scare, was a 13-day confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union initiated by the American discovery of Soviet ballistic missile deployment in Cuba -
President and event -Johnson
1964 – U.S. passes resolution to increase troops in S. Vietnam 1968 – U.S. involvement in Vietnam peaks; popular opinion drops -
What impact did the Vietnam War have on the home front?
By November 1967, the number of American troops in Vietnam was approaching 500,000, and U.S. casualties had reached 15,058 killed and 109,527 wounded. As the war stretched on, some soldiers came to mistrust the government’s reasons for keeping them there, as well as Washington’s repeated claims that the war was being won. Protests on homefront -
President and event -Nixon
1969 – NASA achieves moon landing
1972 – Nixon recognizes China & visits the Soviet Union
1972 – First Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT)
1973 – U.S. pulls out of Vietnam; 1975 dominos fall -
How did the Vietnam War come to an end for the U.S. and what was the physical and financial cost?
Vietnam War is ranked 4th in casualties just below the Civil War and the two World Wars. Out of 2,594,000 personnel who served in Vietnam, there were 58,220 Americans dead, 153,303 wounded and 1,643 missing. More than 23,214 soldiers suffered one hundred percent disabled. Even when it already ended, the war continued to cost many American lives. It’s estimated that 70,000 to 300,000 Vietnam Veterans committed suicide and around 700,000 veterans suffered psychological trauma. -
physical cost vietnam
$168 billion () in the entire war including $111 billion on military operations (1965 – 1972) and $28.5 billion on economic and military aid to Saigon regime (1953 – 1975). At that rate, the United States spent approximately $168,000 for an “enemy” killed. However, $168 billion was only the direct cost. According to Indochina Newsletter of Asia Resource Center, the United States spent from $350 billion to $900 billion in total including veterans’ benefits and interest. -
President and event -Ford
1974-1976 -
Fidel Castro
communist dictator of Cuba. Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz was a Cuban communist revolutionary and politician who governed the Republic of Cuba as Prime Minister from 1959 to 1976 and then as President from 1976 to 2008 -
President and event -Carter
1979 – Soviets invade Afghanistan
1980 – U.S. supports freedom fighters
1980 – U.S. boycotts Moscow Summer Olympics in protest
1980 – “Miracle on Ice” occurs during Winter Olympics -
Ronald Reagan
strategic defense initiative (star wars). Hollywood actor. 2 terms. Gorbachev introduces democratic and capitalist reforms. Berlin wall falls. Tiananmen massacre in China. -
President and event -Reagon
1983 – Strategic Defense Initiative or Star Wars initiated by President Reagan
1985 – Gorbachev comes to power and introduces democratic (Glasnost) and
Capitalism (Perestroika) reforms
1989 – Tiananmen Square Massacre in China
1988 – Soviets leave Afghanistan (beaten & frustrated)
1989 – Berlin Wall falls; S.U. loses its satellite nations -
President and event -Bush
1991 – Soviet Union collapses
1991 – Russia elects Boris Yeltsin to lead new democracy
No more Soviet Union means no more
Cold War.
Capitalism wins and Communism loses!
