-
1492
"Columbus discovers America"
Credited with “discovering America”.This first contact with North America and Native Americans led to the “ Columbian Exchange”. Gold, Glory, God. They really came for gold. -
1532
" Conquistadores Francisco Pizarro "
Claimed new colonies for Spain. Conquered the Inca Empire in Peru. Every empire he conquers he slaughters them -
1539
" Conquistadores Hernan de Soto "
Assisted Pizzaro with the conquest of the Inca
First to discover and cross the Mississippi River. Died from misquitoes. -
Period: 1565 to
"Spain conquered the Americas"
Land divided into states called Encomiendas.
-Harsh, forced labor system in which native Americans farmed,ranched, or mined
Spanish settlers and Native Americans intermarried, creating a mixed race called mestizos. -
Period: to
" England settlement in Roanoke "
*When he returned, he found the settlement empty.
*The word “CROATOAN” was carved into a tree.
*Virginia Dare – first baby born in America to English parents
*Captain: John White sailed back to England for supplies.
(granddaughter of John White)
-Historians believe the colonists either starved, attacked by Native Americans, or joined with a Native American tribe. -
" Conquistadores Hernando Cortez "
Claimed new colonies for Spain. Conquered the Aztec Empire
- Most Aztec died from small pox and measles. The 3 technologies were guns, germs and steals also dogs and horses. Made natives speak their language -
Jamestown, Virginia
1st successful English settlement
1607- founded by the Virginia Company
Primarily settled to make money -
" French settlement in New France "
Only Catholics allowed in the new territory, except for French protestants
Became fur traders
All decisions made by the monarch of France- no self government. -
" Peter Minuit settlement in New Amsterdam "
Offered huge land tracts called pratoonships.
-Obtained by brining 50 tenants to the colony.
- Few restrictions on who could settle in New Amsterdam- kept settlers from being attracted to the area. -
Roger Williamson
Believed in religious freedom, separation from church and state, and fair treatment of the Native Americans.
Considered a “separatist”
Banished from Massachusetts in 1636
Left and established Providence, Rhode Island on land he bought from Native Americans. -
Anne Hutchinson
-Held private prayer meetings and challenged authority of Puritan ministers and leaders.
-Brought up on heresy charges in 1637
-Banished from colony and moved to Rhode Island -
Pequot War
Guns Germs, and Steel
- Pequot Indians in Connecticut resisted white settlement
- In 1637, Pequot were virtually wiped out by the English. -
Period: to
King Phillips War
-Involved the Wampanoag Indians in the Plymouth Colony
- They began to attack white settlements
- Indians were defeated and marked the end to Indian resistance in New England. -
Proclamtion of 1763
After French and Indian War, King George issues proclamation to organize new territory, cut off any expansion to the West.
They couldn’t be in the that they literally just fought for.
Prevented colonists from moving West Appalachian Mts.
Increased tensions between Britain and colonists. -
Sugar Act of 1764
Previous tax on sugar and molasses was not being paid.
Colonists smuggled to avoid paying tax.
George Grenville of Parliament reduced the tax but increased enforcement, hoping to be able to collect it.
Sent tax collector's to get money from colonists. -
Stamp Act of 1765
Printed materials must be printed on stamped paper.
Colonists cried “no taxation” without representation.
Protested by the Sons of Liberty (Ben Franklin, Sam Adams, Paul Revere) with violence and intimidation.
Repealed in 1776 as ineffective. -
Quartering Act of 1765
Parliament required colonists to provide living quarters (housing and supplies) to British soldiers in the colonies.
Colonists resented giving housing to troops that were enforcing new taxes.
Listed as a grievance in Declaration of Independence. -
Boston Massacre
The British fired into a crowd that was threatening them, killing five civilians and wounding 6 others.
The soldiers had been sent to help the government maintain order and were resented by colonists.
The killings increased the colonists desire to declare their independence from Great Britain. -
Lexington and Concord
British General Thomas Gage sent 700 soldiers to destroy guns and ammunition the colonists had stored in the town of Concord, just outside of Boston.
They also planned to arrest Samuel Adams and John Hancock, two of the key leaders of the patriot movement. -
The Declaration on Independence
Thomas Jefferson. Listed all of the colonists grievances against the Crown; explained why they were declaring independence.Proclaimed the United States of America was forevermore a free nation -
" End of Revolution"
Americans won the war
War was officially ended with the Treaty of Paris
Great Britain acknowledged the US as a free nation -
Land Ordinance of 1785
Divided land into 36-square-mile units with Unit 16 set aside for schools.
Divided the Ohio Territory
*Congress sold land to make money -
" The United States Constituion "
Delegates met to revise the Articles of Confederation but decided to create a new constitution.
Of course, everyone had different ideas about how it should work. -
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
At 5,000 settlers, territory could send a non-voting representative to Congress.
At 6,000 settlers, territory could apply for statehood. Outlawed slavery in these areas.
*Created guidelines for states to admitte -
Judiciary Act of 1789
No details for a court system in the Constitution. Federal law remained "The Supreme Law of the Land".
- Washington wanted to set up a federal court system headed by a Supreme Court.
- Chief Justice, five associate justices
- More justices added over time -
Textile Mills
First textile mills in America were opened by Samuel Slater in Pawtucket, Rhode Island in 1791 -
Cotton Gin
Cotton gin- 1793 - cleaned the seeds out of cotton
Sped up the cleaning of seeds
Revolutionized the cotton crop
Demand for cotton from Great Britain for textile manufacturing
South becomes “Cotton Kingdom” & financially dependent on cash crops & slavery
Increased the need for slavery -
Jays Treaty 1794
British began stopping US ships bound for France and impressing seamen taking US sailors captive and forcing them to serve the British
Intended to hurt the French, but hurt US trade
Chief Justice John Jay went to Britain and returned with a treaty
British agreed to stop impressing US sailors and to evacuate the NW Territory
Get the British out of the west
Western settlers were angry - the treaty allowed the British to continue in the fur trade on the American side of the US-Canadian border -
Pinckney’s Treaty - Spain - 1795
Spain afraid of alliance between Great Britain and the US
Spain barred the US from the lower part of the Mississippi River and the Port of New Orleans
US needed Mississippi River to transport goods
Pinckney’s Treaty
Opened up the southern part of the Mississippi River and New Orleans
Established the northern border between Spanish Florida and the US -
Period: to
" Amendments "
Amendments added to the Constitution to protect the rights of citizens in the United States. (11 - 27) -
Election of 1796
Thomas Jefferson (Democratic Republican) v. John Adams (Federalist)
John Adams elected as the 2nd president
Thomas Jefferson - his political rival, becomes Vice President
Federalist President
Democratic Republican Vice President
Constitution did not call for separate Electoral votes for president and vice president
Federalist Era -
Interchangeable Parts
Introduced with muskets in 1798
Henry Ford - Assembly Line
Parts of one musket could be used as parts for another musket
Basis for industrial development in the US -
Convention of 1800
Meeting between United States and France over the Quasi-Wars - conflict in the Caribbean over shipping and trade
Hostility between US and France following the XYZ Affair
Convention of 1800 resolved the conflict between US and France - delicate balance with no alliance to avoid war with Great Britain
End of any US foreign alliance for another 100 years
US Neutrality -
Election of 1800
Battle between the Federalists and Democratic Republicans
Federalist candidate: Incumbent John Adams
Running mate: Charles Pinckney
Democratic Republican candidate: Thomas Jefferson
Running mate: Aaron Burr
Electoral college voted - Jefferson and his running mate, Aaron Burr tied -
Election of 1800
The House of Representatives broke the tie - they were heavily influenced by Hamilton
Hamilton disagreed with Jefferson’s policies, but disliked Burr more than Jefferson
Jefferson chosen as 3rd president
first peaceful transition of power in history from one political party to another
Power moved from the hands of the Federalists to the hands of the Democratic Republicans -
Religous Reform
Second Great Awakening
Tent meetings
A large religious movement swept the nation
Supported reforms in America
Began around 1800
Revivals led by Charles G. Finney -
Period: to
" Lewis and Clark Expedition "
The Corps of Discovery left St. Louis, Missouri Along the way, a Native American woman was enlisted to serve as a guide and interpreter - Sacajawea
The expedition led to a large migration of settlers to the Pacific Northwest - traveled via the Oregon Trail
Two years and four months later the Corps of Discovery returned to St. Louis -
Embargo Act of 1807
The Supreme Court ruled that the provision of the Judiciary Act was unconstitutional because it was not spelled out in the Constitution
Marbury v. Madison affirmed the principle of judicial review, the ability of the Supreme Court to declare an act unconstitutional
Laws can be reviewed to be determined if there unconstitutional
Embargo Act of 1807 -
Steam Boat Invented
Launched the first successful steamboat service in 1807
Steamboats decreased travel time - made trips shorter -
" Embargo Act of 1807 "
-British impressments of US sailors continued, in spite of Jay’s Treaty
-British blockading US ships bound for France
-US did not want to get involved with problems between Britain and France
-President Jefferson declared an embargo (no trade) with Britain and France
-Jefferson’s alternative to war
Believed it would hurt Britain and other European countries and force them to accept American Neutrality
Embargo actually hurt America more than Britain
Very unpopular, mistake for Jefferson -
" Causes of War of 1812 "
Madison Elected President: 4th President of the US. Democratic Republican. Formerly a Federalist. Led the nation into the War of 1812
British military aid to Native Americans on the frontier
British impressments of American sailors - Jay’s Treaty
Embargo Act - Jefferson’s alternative to war
War Hawks - Pushed for war with Great Britain -
" War of 1812 Battles "
Battle of Horseshoe Bend
Cherokee assisted Andrew Jackson in defeating the Creeks, who were allied with the British
Opened up the Southwest for settlement
Treaty of Ghent
Ended the War of 1812 - no gains for either side
Land boundaries returned to prewar status
Battle of New Orleans
Won after Treaty of Ghent - made Jackson a national hero
Jackson’s troops defeated the British
US suffered 8 deaths, the British suffered over 700 -
" War of 1812 Consequences "
US and Britain returned land boundaries to where they were before the war
US won respect from other nations
US nationalism grew stronger
Federalist Party lost its credibility and disbanded
US manufacturing grew due to a lack of British manufactured goods
US became more self sufficient
Native American resistance declines -
War of 1812
Madison Elected President
Tecumseh-It is a turning point in history where it changes the way Native Americans will be treated and pushes them further west. It is the Native Americans last chance to really have an impact on the Nation.
British military aid to Native Americans on the frontier
Battle of Horseshoe Bend & Battle of New Orleans
US and Britain returned land boundaries to where they were before the war
Decline of the Federalist Party
Treaty of Ghent:
War Hawks pushed for war -
Era of Good Feelings
Following the War of 1812, the United States
entered into a period of national pride and
political unity
No divisions among political parties
No problems with foreign nations -
Panic of 1819
US faced widespread economic problems
Foreclosures
Bank failures
Unemployment
Slump in agriculture and manufacturing -
Adims Onis Treaty
Secretary of State - John Quincy Adams
Negotiated a treaty with Spain - 1819
US acquired Florida and established a firm
boundary between the Louisiana Territory
(US territory through the Louisiana
Purchase) and Spanish territory in the west -
McCulloch v. Maryland
1819 - Supreme Court (John Marshall) ruled
that Congress had the right to establish a
national bank under the Necessary and
Proper (Elastic) Clause of the Constitution
Power of federal government over state
government -
Missouri Compromise
The extension of slavery into new
territories divides the North and South -
conflict over state’s rights. Northern economy based on
manufacturing.Southern economy based on slavery -
Needed a balance of slave and free states to maintain the sectional balance. Missouri admitted as a slave state. Remaining Louisiana Territory split into - one part for slaveholders, one part for free settlers - 36°30’ line. North of the line (except Missouri), slavery was banned
South of the line, slavery was legal -
Election of 1820
James Monroe reelected -
Texas
Mexico gained independence from Spain - Texas part of Mexico - 1821
Stephen Austin led a group of settlers to Texas - Mexican government led by General Santa Anna exerted control over settlers – 1830s
Sam Houston led the settlers into a rebellion - declared Texas independence - 1836 -
Monroe Doctrine
Doctrine issued by President Monroe
Stated the US would not tolerate European
intervention in the affairs of any independent
nation in the Americas
1823 - Stated American continents were no
longer open to colonization - US would view
any attempt as an act of aggression
Stated that the US would not interfere in the
affairs of other nations
Europe should stay out of western
hemisphere -
Election of 1824
Evidence of sectional differences within the
US.John Quincy Adams v. Andrew Jackson -both were Democratic Republicans.Neither candidate received a majority of electoral votes in the Electoral College. The House of Representatives decided the
election. Henry Clay, Speaker of the House, threw his support to John Quincy Adams, and Adams was elected president Adams named Henry Clay his Secretary of State - Jackson called the election a “corrupt bargain” -
Gibbons v. Ogden
1824 - Supreme Court (John Marshall) ruled
that only Congress had the power to
regulate interstate commerce and foreign
trade -
Erie Canal
Opened in 1825
Increase in trade, decrease in shipping rates and shipping time
Connected the Great Lakes with the Hudson River and the Atlantic Ocean -
Utopian Communities
Wished for a “perfect society” both socially and politically
Perfectionism
New Harmony
1825 - Share everything, live in harmony
Oneida
1848 - Every man married to every woman - “free love’
Brook Farm
1841 - Based on transcendentalism
Thoreau, Emerson -
Tariff of Abominations
1828 - Protective tariff designed to protect
northern manufacturing from competition
from cheaper British imports
Upset the south - detrimental to the
southern cotton economy
British threatened to seek cotton in other
markets due to the high cost of the tariff -
Election of 1828
Andrew Jackson elected president
Jackson defeated Adams in part as a result
of the Tariff of Abominations -
Indian Removal Act
1830 - Congress passed the Indian Removal
Act - authorized the removal of Native
Americans from the SE United States
Worcester v. Georgia - 1832
The Cherokee appealed to the US
Supreme Court
Court ruled that the Cherokee had a right
to remain on their land and could not be
forcibly removed -
William Lloyd Garrison
Founded The Liberator, an anti-slavery newspaper - 1831
Used the freedom of press to get his message out. -
Nat Turner's Rebellion
Virginia
Led by a slave - Nat Turner - rebellion was a
failure
1831 - Caused the south to strengthen slave
codes (laws restricting activities and conduct
of slaves) -
Eletion of 1832
Pet banks a key issue of this election
Jackson won re-election
Portrayed the national banks as
institutions for the wealthy, rich, and
powerful - “pet banks” -
South Carolina Nullification Crisis
South Carolina began protesting the Tariff of
Abominations - high tariffs on British imports
SC Senator John C. Calhoun - wrote a
pamphlet called SC Exposition and Protest
Called for state’s rights - states can nullify
laws they feel are unconstitutional
(Remember Virginia and Kentucky
Resolutions?)
1832 - SC threatened to secede if the tariffs
were not repealed -
Thw Whig Party
Jackson enemies felt he acted like a king -
“King Andrew”
National Republicans changed their name to
the Whig Party in 1833
Named themselves after the Whigs in
England who resisted King George III -
Mechanial Reaper Invented
Increased productivity
Made harvesting wheat easier -
Trail of Tears
President Jackson ignored the court’s
decision
Troops sent to round up Cherokee and move
them to Oklahoma
800 mile march in 1835
Over a quarter of the Cherokee died from
disease, starvation, and weather exposure -
Election of 1836
Martin Van Buren (Democrat) elected president over William Henry Harrison (Anti-Masonic) -
The Alamo
Gen. Santa Anna responded with military force - Texans took a stand at The Alamo
Every Texan perished - “Remember the Alamo”
Texans took Santa Anna hostage - agreed to recognize the Republic of Texas - 1836
Texas requested annexation to become part of the United States
Texas becomes a slave state in 1845 -
Election of 1836
People given land in Oklahoma to encourage settlement
Settlers came rushing from all around to claim land
Native Americans forced off the land -
Steel Plow
Allowed farmers to plow and grow crops in areas out west that’s land was too dry or hard -
Election of 1840
William Henry Harrison elected- Whig
Martin Van Buren - incumbent Democrat
Won the election
Died one month after he was inaugurated
VP John Tyler becomes President -
Election of 1840
Martin Van Buren - incumbent Democrat
William Henry Harrison - Whig
Won the election
Died one month after he was inaugurated
VP John Tyler becomes President -
The National Road
Completed in 1841
Stretched 800 miles west
By 1840, a network of roads connected most of the cities and towns in the US
Promoted travel and trade—AND SETTLEMENT OF THE WEST! -
Webster-Ashburton Treaty
Signed in 1842 by Daniel Webster of US and Lord Ashburton of Great Britain
Established the United States’ northern border with Canada in Maine and Minnesota -
Telegraph Invented
Telegraph - device that sends messages using electricity through wires-Instant communication
Communication is revolutionized-whole different way of sending messages. -
Polk Elected
Won by Democrat James K. Polk - first “dark horse” winner in US history
Election of 1844
Won due to Whig opponent Henry Clay’s avoidance of the issue of annexation of Texas and Oregon
Called for the annexation of both Texas and Oregon -
Oregon
US owned the Oregon territory jointly with Great Britain
Thousands of US settlers began moving to Oregon
President Polk approached Britain proclaiming “”54-40, or fight!” - claimed US had rightful claims to Oregon territory - 1844
British accepted, fearing loss of trade with US – 49th parallel used as official boundary
Oregon became a state in 1846 -
Wilmot Proviso
Pennsylvania Congressman David Wilmot came up with a proviso, or condition
1846 - Proposed banning slavery from any land purchased from Mexico
Upset the Southern states
Not approved -
Sewing Machine Invented
Elias Howe had the first patent on a sewing machine in the United States in 1846
Helped to increase speed of manufacturing of textiles -
Period: to
Mexican war
Mexico upset over US annexation of Texas
Polk sent troops to Texas border to settle US-Mexico border dispute and to negotiate the purchase of California and New Mexico
Mexican president refused to talk, and war soon followed
Congress declared war on May 12, 1846 - Mexico eventually surrendered
War was ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
Called for the Mexican Cession -
Mexican Cession
Result of Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, ended Mexican War
1848 - Mexico gave up New Mexico and California territories to the United States in exchange for payment -
Election of 1848
Zachary Taylor (Whig) elected President over Lewis Cass (Democrat) and Martin Van Buren (Free-Soil) -
California Gold Rush
California enters the union as a free state due to the Compromise of 1850
Gold was discovered in California in 1848
People rushed to California to “get rich quick” - they became known as “49’ers”
Huge population increase -
Death of President Taylor
July 9, 1850 – President Zachary Taylor died of cholera
VP Millard Fillmore became President -
Compromise of 1850
With the acquisition of the Mexican territory, the extension of slavery once again becomes an issue
Henry Clay offers a compromise to maintain balance between the free and slave states
California admitted as a free state
Unorganized territories declared free
Utah and New Mexico territories were to decide the issue of slavery through popular sovereignty
People in these areas could decide on the issue of slavery for themselves -
Election of 1852
Franklin Pierce (Democrat) elected president over Winfield Scott (Whig) and John P. Hale (Free-Soil) -
Gadsens Purchase
Gave the United States parts of New Mexico and Arizona for $10 million from Mexico
1853 - Land purchased to run a transcontinental railroad
Manifest Destiny complete! -
Know-Nothings
Also known as the American Party
Wanted to rid the country of immigrants and alcohol
Became part of the Republican Party after 1856 -
Election of 1856
James Buchanan (Democrat) elected president over John C. Fremont (Republicans) and Millard Fillmore (Whig & American {Know-Nothings} -
Election of 1860
Douglas, Lincoln, Breckinridge run
Lincoln wins election with no southern electoral votes
Pledges to stop the spread of slavery but to not interfere in the south -
Secession
As a result of Lincoln’s victory in the Election of 1860, southern states begin to secede from the union.
Secede = withdrawal
South Carolina was the first state to secede on December 20, 1860
By February 1861, six other states joined them: Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, Texas -
Fort Sumter- First Shots Fired
Union soldiers had one month of supplies remaining at Ft. Sumter, SC
Lincoln sent food for the troops, but before it arrived, Confederate soldiers opened fire
Union troops surrendered the following day
Civil War begins! -
First Battle of Bull Rum
July 1861
AKA – Manassas
First battle between the Union and Confederate army
Watched by citizens
CONFEDERATE VICTORY -
Homestead Act
Settlers moving west for land
Purpose: Encourage settlement of the Plains
1862 - Anyone who would agree to cultivate 160 acres of land for 5 years would receive title to that land from the federal government -
Morill Land Grant Act
Distributed millions of acres of western territory to state governments
1862 - States used money from sale of land to finance agricultural colleges -
Antietam
September 1862
Antietam Creek, Maryland
Bloodiest single day of the war
23,000 killed in one day
UNION VICTORY for McClellan -
Vicksburg
November 1862
Vicksburg, Mississippi
Union wanted control of the Mississippi River
UNION VICTORY -
Period: to
Fredericksburg / Chancellorsville
Fredericksburg, Virginia
Dec. 1862
Large number of Union casualties
CONFEDERATE VICTORY
Chancellorsville, Virginia
May 1863
Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson killed
CONFEDERATE VICTORY -
Emancipation Proclamation
Issued by Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863
Freed the slaves in the confederate states while preserving slavery in the border states that were still loyal to the union
Encouraged free African Americans to serve in the army
Lincoln hoped to give the war a moral purpose – “preserve the Union”
Hoped to undermine the South’s reliance on slave labor
Ensure the support of England and France -
Union Leaders
Abraham Lincoln – President of the US
George McClellan – First general to lead the Union army, fired by Lincoln
Lack of aggressiveness
Ulysses S. Grant – Initially in charge of the western forces; general who assumed command of the Union army in 1864
William T. Sherman – Took command of the western forces after Grant took control of the entire -
Election of 1864
Lincoln in danger of not being reelected
Some northerners upset over the war
Democrats nominated George McClellan – former Union general to run for president
Sherman’s capture of Atlanta showed non believers the war was close to being over
Lincoln elected to a second term -
Appomattox – End of the War
April 1865
Grant surrounds Lee outside of Richmond, Virginia
Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Court House – Virginia
End of the Civil War!!! -
Grant Elected President
Republican party refused to support Johnson
Ulysses S. Grant elected in 1868
Administration known for corruption -
Election of 1876
*Grant’s administration surrounded by corruption (Whiskey Ring, Credit Mobilier)
*Samuel Tilden (Democrat) v. Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican)
Election contested – results in some states disputed – results unclear
Compromise of 1877 settled the issue of the winner -
Compromise of 1877
Democrats agreed to give Hayes the presidency
Hayes elected as President
Republicans agreed to end Reconstruction in the South -
Oklahoma Land Rush
People given land in Oklahoma to encourage settlement
Settlers came rushing from all around to claim land
Native Americans forced off the land
