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Dual Federalism
-from 1789-1930s
-state and national governments were equal authorities operating within their own spheres of infuence
-national government had powers only written in constitution
-tenth amendment reserved all other powers to states
-McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) expanded the powers of national government
-John Marcshall was the justice on the case and ruled for the antions authority to start a bank
-Marshall defended the Supremacy Clause of the constitution -
doctrine of nullification
-part of dual federlism
-the states ahd the right to nullify any national laws that they believed contridicted state intrests -
doctrine of secession
-part of dual feredlism
-idea that states had the right to separate from the UNion
-most extreme option for those who believed in state sovereignty -
Reconstruction Amendments
-after the war congress passed the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments
-these amendments are known as the reconstruction amendments
-abolished slavery, defined citizenship, prohibited states from denying citizens rights, and extended voting rights to African American men -
The Interstate Commerce Act
- the first federal law to regulate private industry in the United States. -later amended to regulate other modes of transportation and commerce. -regulate railroad industry
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Sherman Antitrust Act
-prevent monopoloes , or the exclusive control of a good or service in a partivular market
-encourage fair competition in all industries
-Prohibits certain business activities that federal government regulators deem to be anti-competitive, and requires the federal government to investigate and pursue trusts
-United States v. E.C. Knight Company (1895) ruled that a combination of sugar refining companies was not a monopoly under the Sherman Antitrust Act -
Cooperative Federlism
-from 1930s-1960s
-all levels of government should work together to solve problems (ex. Poverty)
-during great depression the national government created the Works Progress Administration (WPA)
-WPA gave unemployed jobs
-WPA workers dug the well at Big Bend National Park in Texas -
The New Deal
-economic crisis led to an expantion of authority in national governemnt
-President ROosevelt responded with plan to bring relief, the New Deal
-It was a series of national programs that addressed the needs of Americans -
Creative Federlism
-from 1960s-1980s
-national government funded state and local programs that met national goals (ex. fighting poverty
-in 1960s First Lady Lady Bird Johnson visited school programs that were nationally funded -
The Great Society
The Great Society
Further expanded the powers of the national government
Series of initiatives aimed at eliminating poverty and social inequality
Johnson's approach to solving problems was called Creative Federalism
Creative federalism released national funds in the form of grants, ex. 1965 Medicaid was created to provide healthcare for the poor
Lyndon B. Johnson - president during this time and began The Great Society -
New Federlism
- from 1980s-2001 -political leaders wanted to stop the national government's powers from expanding, new federalism gives state governments more authority -supporters in 1990s argued that decreased decreased national spending and returning power to the states would improve government
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The Reagan Years
-1980s President Ronald Reagan supported new federalism
-believed national government was less effective than state governments in providing services
-Regan worked to reduce size of government by cutting national grant money to the states
-Relaxed national requirements that specified how states could use grant money
-Thought states were better at identifying specific needs of their citizens -
Devolution
-returning power to the states
-republican candidates in the 1994 congressional elections ran with political message called Contract with America
-Contract was a promise to achieve specific goals within 100 days of taking office
-this contract pledged to reduce size and power of national government by eliminating costly federal programs
-people opposed to devolution feared it would result in increased social and economic inequality -
Contract with America
Contract with America
document released by the United States Republican Party during the 1994 Congressional election
Contract detailed the actions the Republicans promised to take if they became the majority party in the United States House of Representatives
Many of the Contract's policy ideas originated at The Heritage Foundation, a conservative think tank
The Contract with America was introduced six weeks before the 1994 Congressional election,
