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Urbanization
Urbanization is a population shift form rural to urban areas. Urbanization started in American during the 19th century. The Industrial Revolution of the 19th and 20th centuries contributed to the transformation of urban life, and gave people higher expectations for improving their living standards. -
Initiative, Referendum, Recall
Initiative, Referendum, and Recall are three powers reserved to enable the voters, by petition, to propose or repeal legislation or to remove an elected official from office. -
Immigration and the American Dream
The American Dream is the idea that every U.S. citizen should have an equal opportunity to achieve success and prosperity through hard work, determination, and initiative. Immigrants came to America with hopes to have an opportunity to have a good job and home ownership. -
Political Machines
Political Machine is an organization that commands enough votes to maintain political and administrative control of a city, country, or state. The machine controlled a hierarchy of party loyalists. The political machine is headed by a boss, a corrupt politician. -
Robber Baron (Captains of Industry)
Robber Baron is an unscrupulous plutocrat, especially an American capitalist who acquired a fortune in the late nineteenth century by ruthless means. robber Baron was a term applied to a businessman in the 19th century who engaged in unethical and monopolistic practices. Andrew Carnegie, and John D. Rockefeller are Robber Barons. -
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Susan B. Anthony
Susan B. Anthony was a publisher, civil rights activist, women's rights activist, and journalist. Anthony worked as a teacher before becoming a leading figure in the abolitionist and women's voting rights movement. Anthony, and Elizabeth Stanton, founded the National Women Suffrage Association in 1869. In 1872, she voted illegally in the presidential election to show her support for a women's right to vote. In the early 1880s, Anthony published the first volume of History of Women Suffrage. -
Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine stated that the european powers were obligated to respect western hemisphere as the United States' sphere of interest. The Monroe Doctrine was part of President James Monroe's annual message to congress. The Monroe Doctrine is known as the U.S. policy toward the western hemisphere. -
Indian Removal Act
This act was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson. The act authorized the president to grant unsettles lands west of the Mississippi on exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders. -
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Andrew Carnegie
Andrew Carnegie was a philanthropist, and one of the wealthiest 19th century U.S. businessmen. Carnegie worked a series of railroad jobs, and by 1889 he owned his own corporation called the Carnegie Steel Corporation. His business revolutionized steel production in the U.S. The Carnegie Steel Corporation helped to fuel the economy and shape the nation into what it is today. -
Bessemer Process
The Bessemer Process was discovered by Sir Henry Bessemer. He found a method message to blow air through molten pig iron to remove impurities and make steel revolutionized iron and steelmaking. The Bessemer process spread across England and the United States. -
Manifest Destiny
The term "Manifest Destiny" was originated in the 1840s. Manifest Destiny was an idea claimed by John L. O'Sullivan, that it is God's will that white Americans control the continent from "sea to shinning sea." -
Social Gospel Movement
Social gospel is christian faith practiced as a call not jut to personal conversion but to social reform. The social gospel movement was a religious movement that arose during the second half of the 19th century. Ministers argued that people must emulate the life of Jesus Christ. -
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Eugene V. Debbs
Eugene V. Debbs was an activist. He became president of the American railway union in 1893. He gained a greater renown when he went to jail for his role in leading the Chicago Pullman Palace Car Company strike. -
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Clarence Darrow
Clarence Darrow was a journalists and a lawyer. Im 1887 Darrow attempted to free the anarchists charged in the Haymarket Riot. Darrow was also the defender of the Eugene V. Debs case in 1894. Who was arrested on a federal charge arising from the Pullman Strike. Clarence Darrow also secured the acquittal of labor leader William D. Haywood for assassination charges, saved Richard Loeb and Nathan Leopold from the death penalty, and defended John T. Scoped. -
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Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt was an environmental activist, governor, military leader, and a U.S. president. Theodore Roosevelt took the position as the U.S. President in 1901 after President Mckinley was assassinated. Roosevelt, at age 42, became the youngest man to assume the U.S. presidency. Roosevelt supported desegregation and women's suffrage, his administration took an often passive, sometimes contradictory approach to improving civil rights. -
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William Jennings Bryan
William Jennings Bryan was a U.S. representative. He was elected to the U.S. congress in 18 90, and defeated for the U.S. senate in 1894. Bryan was also the editor of the Omaha World-Herald. Bryan lost to William Mckinley in the presidential campaign in 1896, and in 1900. He also lost to William Howard Taft in 1908. -
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Jane Addams
Jane Addams was a philanthropist, women's rights activist, and an anti-war activist. In the 1889, Addams and Starr, a friend of hers, opened one of the first settlements in both the U.S. and North American known as the Hull House. The house provided services for the immigrant and poor population living in the Chicago area. Over the years, the organization grew to include services including child care, educational courses, an art gallery, a public kitchen and several other social programs. -
Homestead Act
The homestead act was signed into law by president Abraham Lincoln. The act provided settlers 160 acres of public land, which encouraged western migration. Homesteaders paid a filling fee in exchange for the land. They also had to complete five years of continuous residence before receiving ownership of the land. -
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Ida B. Wells
Ida B. Wells was an African-American journalist and activist who led an anti-lynching crusade in the United States in the 1890s. Wells went on to found and become integral in groups striving for African-American justice. After experiencing injustice on a train, Wells picked up a pen and wrote about all the issues of race a politics in the South. Ida B. Wells became an owner of the Memphis Free Speech and Headlight, and, later, of the Free Speech. -
The Gilded Age
The Gilded age stared in the late 1800s and ended in the early 1900s. The Gilded age was a time of great social change and economic growth in the United States. During the Gilded age there was rapid industrialization, urbanization, the construction of great transcontinental railroads, innovations in science and technology, and the rise of big business. -
Industrialization
Industrialization is the process by which an economy is transformed from primarily agricultural to one based on the manufacturing of goods. Industrialization spurred congress and the northern states to build more railroads and increased demand for a variety of manufactured goods. -
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Upton Sinclair
Upton Sinclair was an Author, Journalist, and an Activist. Sinclair's involvement with socialism led to a writing assignment about the plight of workers in the meatpacking industry. This eventually resulted in Sinclair's best-selling novel The Jungle. Although many of his other works were not as successful as The Jungle, Sinclair earned a Pulitzer Prize in 1943. -
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
The first significant law restricting immigration into the United States was the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. Chinese only composed .002% of the nation's population, but congress still passed the act to calm the workers demands and ease a widespread os concerns about maintaining white "racial purity." -
Haymarket Riot
The Haymarket riot first started off as a labor protest rally full of labor activist fighting for such rights as the eight-hour workday, but quickly escalated after someone threw a bomb at the police. About eight people were died due to the violence that day. Eight labor activist were convicted in connection with the bombing. The Haymarket was known as a setback for the organized labor movement in America. -
Dawes Act
The Dawes act was an act to provide for the allotment of lands in severalty to indians on the various reservations. The Dawes act emphasized severalty, the treatment of native americans as individuals rather than as members of tribes. -
Populism v. Progesisvism
the populist movement started the in the late 19th century, and was a revolt by the farmers. Populists wanted more government control of banking and industries. Populism was focused on reforming the economic system. Progressivism arose in the early 20th century. People for progressivism were people who came from the middle classes. Progressivism was focused on changing the political system. -
Yellow Journalism 1895-1898
Yellow Journalism is journalism that is based upon sensationalism and crude exaggeration. Yellow journalism was a style of newspaper reporting that emphasized sensationalism over facts. One of the many factors that helped push the United Sates and Spain into war was yellow journalism. -
Klondike Gold Rush
In 1896 Skookum Jim Mason, Dawson Charlie, and George Washington Carmack found gold in a tributary of the Klondike River. In 1897, a group of hopeful gold seekers boarded ships that were headed to the north toward the vision of riches. -
Muckrakers
Muckrakers are U.S. journalists and writers who exposed corruption in politics and business in the early 20th century. Theodore Roosevelt created the term in 1906. -
Pure Food and Drug Act
The purpose of the Pure Food and Drug act wash the protect the public against adulteration of food and from products identified as healthful without scientific support. Adulteration was said to be the result of any poisonous color or flavor, of of any other ingredients harmful to human health. Any food that contained filthy or decomposed animal matter was considered adulterated. -
Dollar Diplomacy
Dollar diplomacy is the use of a country'd financial power to extend it international influence. William Howard Taft, who was elected the 27th president of the U.S., followed the foreign policy characterized as "dollar diplomacy." -
16th Amendment
The 16th amendment states that, "The congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several states, and without regard to any census or enumeration. -
17th Amendment
The 17th amendment allowed voters to cast direct votes for U.S. Senators. The 17th amendment was adopted by the senate on a close vote. -
Federal Reserve Act
The federal Reserve Act was signed to law by President Woodrow Wilson. The Act gave the Federal Reserve banks the ability to print money in order to ensure economic stability. The federal Reserve system created the dual mandate to maximize employment and keep inflation low. -
18th Amendment
The 18th amendment prohibited the manufacturing, transportation, and the sale of intoxicating liquors. The amendment was drive by religious groups who thought alcohol a threat to the nation. The 18th amendment was hard to enforce and didn't result in the intention of eliminating crime and other social problems. -
19th Amendment
The 19th amendment guaranteed all American women the right to vote. It was a lengthy and difficult struggle, and took decades of protests. Several generations of of women suffrage supporters practiced civil disobedience to achieve a change in the constitution. -
Teapot dome scandal
The teapot dome scandal involved national security , big oil companies and bribery and corruption at the highest levels of the government of the U.S. It was the most serious scandal in U.S. history. This controversy was named for an oil reserve near a rock formation that looked like a teapot. -
Nativism
Nativism is the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those immigrants. Nativists are dismissed indigenous groups.
