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Period: Jan 1, 1492 to
Early Contact
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Nov 19, 1492
Columbian Exchange
The columbian exchange had a great impact on early lives. It was the widespread of many things like animals, plants, techonology, diseases, culture and ideas between the new world and the old world. European colonization became popular after this and is to blame for the decline in numbers of natives. Animals and plants like Tomatos, Patotes, apples, chicken, turkeys, and horses were exchanged between the two changing the two worlds greatly. -
Apr 30, 1510
Nomadic Huter Gatherers
Many of the natives in the pre-columbian cultures like Plateau Natives, Great Basin Natives, Southeastern Natives and Subartic Natives as well as more were nomadic hunter gatherers. This meant, they were constantly moving around and collected wild plants or followed wild animals in order to eat. Never settling permanently in one place, or farming their own food. -
Sep 27, 1510
Pit Houses, Lean-Tos, Teepes, Ect.
The natives from these pre-columbian cultures had to use any resource that was available to them in order to make their shelter. Depending on where in the united states they were, their shelters varied. Common housing were Pithouses, Lean-tos, and Teepes. Many of these structures were only temporary as nomadic natives didnt settle in one place. Other housings that were a bit more stable were for natives that didnt move around too much and built commonly Plank houses. -
Apr 30, 1515
Pre-Columbian Cultures Clothing
The clothing that the natives groups all came from the resources they found wherever they were in the U.S., making them all vary. Due to the large amount of Bison in the Great Plains, the indians there used bison skin for clothing. Subartic Natives made their clothing out of moose. Other native groups used things like Woven grass and breechcloth as their clothing. -
Mar 28, 1520
Three Sisters Agriculture
Many things that native groups had incommon was the system of the three sisters agriculture, which was the planting of beans, corn, and squash together due to how they benefited and worked with each other. The corn stalk worked as a pole for the beans to climb up, the beans added nitrogen to the soil, and the squash shaded the beans and the soil preventing damage. -
Jun 18, 1525
Farmers & Fishers
Many Pre-Columbian Cultures were not nomadic and did settle pemanently where they farmed their food aswell as hunted or fished them. Examples of these natives were the California Natives, Northwestern Natives, Northeastern Woodland Natives and more. -
May 1, 1534
Gold, God, Glory
The three main motives for most of the european exploration was God, Glory, God. They wanted wealth from the gold, power and status from glory, and conversion to Christianity with god. -
Aug 1, 1542
Mestizos
Because of Spanish and Portuguese exploration, racially mixed populations were formed in these societies. Mestizos were reffered to as a mixing of the spanish and portuguese. -
Nov 1, 1546
Encomienda System
The encomienda sustem was practiced within the european society. The natives worked free land for the spanish and in return were suppose to get security and taken care of. This was basically free labor, the indians were not taken care of and eventually died of off harsh conditions or diseases. -
Feb 1, 1550
Valladolid Debate
The Valladolid Debate was the first moral argument over mistreatment of the Indians. Juan Gines de Sepulveda was a natural philosopher and believed the indians were born to work for the spanish colonists, Bartolome de las Casas was a historian and argued that the indians were human as well and needed the same consideration given to colonizers. He realized his men were actually terrible for treating them this way and was the first protector of the indians. -
Period: to
Atlantic World
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Jamestown
Jamestown Virginia was the first permanent english colony. The English were advertised a utopia in America and wanted religous freedom as well as prestige profit. People were sent to america in hopes of finding gold and other valuable resources. -
Tobacco
There was a failure to find gold in Jamestown but Tobacco financially saved the colony. The climate was perfect for growth in Virginia and became their main cash crop. Rice became the main cash crop for the Carolinas, and Sugar was the main cash crop in the Barbados. -
Indentured Servants
In order to farm their tobacco crops, farmers relied on indentured servants which were volunteers to como to America, work for a certain time and then be released. After indentured servants fulfilled all their obligations, they were replaced with africans which mainly rebelled, escaped or sabatoged due to the dehumanizing aspects of slavery. -
Colonial New England
These New England colonists were called Puritans and their main reason for settlement was to seek religious freedom. Unlike the settlers of Jamestown, they didnt want money or to find gold. The puritans wanted to read the bible on their own and listen to sermons of educated ministers, not just things that resembled Catholicism like the church of England did. New england colonies had very poor soil, cold winters, and short growing seasons so did not grow tobacco. -
Middle Passage
The Middle Passage refers to the voyage across the Atlantic on slave ships. Slaves were chained and stacked on tp of each other like cargo which placed a psychologial impact on african slaves. Masters after this began believing they were worth nothing and dehumanized them completely. -
Creation of Rhode Island
Puritans were not very tolerant to other religions or people that disagreed with the church and when Roger Williams expressed opinions he angered the puritan church leaders. He then left and formed his own colony called Rhode Island which was a safe heaven for Baptists, Quakers, and Jews. They could really practice their religion freely. -
Anglicization
Anglicization, converting anything to more english norms, in the british colonies was beginning to show. Trans-atlantic Print Culture imported from England was seen as well as Maryland Toleration act of 1649 which was religious toleration for trinitarian christians. -
Half-Way Covenant
Due to the Puritan church loosing power, they put in place this political deal called Half-way covenant. Colonists could become half-way members and soon they would be inclined to seek their full membership which would in return empower the church and bring in more people. -
Mid Atlantic Colonies
Pennsylvania began the mid-atlantic colonies and was established by William Penn. Pennsylvania was similar to Rhode island as it was both a safe haven for people, but pennsylania being mainly for quakers. These mid-atlantic colonies were able to prosper due to rich farmland and rivers. -
Salem Witch Trials
In Salem, Massachusetts after girls began to her of voodoo, they began acting strange and members of the community began being accused of practicing witchcraft. Religion and Politics mixed highlighted the blame on religious extremism. -
Individualism
Benjamin Franklin played a big part in illustrating changes in society in american colonies. Unlike many others, Benjamin was able to rise in society from a very poor humble life to a life of wealthy acomplishment and fame. Social mability and individualism became a big idea for many people to rise and be independent, this caused a sift in power from institutions to individuals. -
The Great Awakening
The great awakening was seen due to dramatic increase in religion in colonial North America. However, this religion changed and sermons now placed emphasis on individuals religious experience rather than the religius experience through church beliefs. The great awakening also led a strong religous origin in the fight for independence. -
Disease
Due to contnuing contact between Europeans and Native Americans, they caused huge cultura and demgraphic changes. As the Natives had never been exposed to these diseases like smallpox chicken pox, measles and yellow fever, it greatly affected them. For example, the Catawba nation had more then half of their population killed due to a smallpox outbreak. -
Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
Sinners in the Hands of An agnry god was a sermon given to the people during te great awakening time period. This sermon was intended to frighten the people who werent devoted to christ, emphasizing that there was a hell and that the only way be protected from it, was to devote ones self to christ. -
Period: to
The New Nation
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Patriots/Loyalists
As there was starting to be a big issue over who supported or was against britian, two terms developed, partiots and loyalists. Loyalists referred to colonists who remained loyal to the king, and patriots were those who supported independence. -
Colonial Resentment
The procolomation of 1763 states that bristish would no longer settle past west of Appalachian mountains yet many colonists chose to ignore it. This colonial refusal to obey the proclomation was the first example of colonial resentment to Britain. -
Sons/Daughters of Liberty
The sons of liberty was a group created by Samuel Adams to organize and implement tax protests. The daughters of liberty protested by leading boycotts of british clothing, urging women to make their own clothing instead of realying on british imported goods. -
Thomas Paine "Common Sense"
Thomas Paine was a patriot and his purpose for writing and publihing "Common Sense" was to rally more colonists over to the patriot side, and ask for independence from Britain. The pamphlet was first published anonymously so he wouldnt be gone after and possibly be killed. -
Natural Rights
When creatingthe Decleration Of Independence, Thomas Jefferson was heavily influenced by John Locke who suggested that the natural rights were the three things of the natural state of human existance. The natural rights were, life, liberty, and property. Many years later they became life, liberty, and the pursuit of hapiness. -
Bill of Rights
The bill of rights is the name given to the first 10 amendments to the U.S. constitution. The rights were intended to protect individuals and states from a strong government giving everyone their own freedom and specified rights. -
Republican Motherhood
Republican Motherhood was the rising idea of educated women. Women were primary caretakers of american children who would become the future of America, therefore they had to be educated in order to teach their children. Abigail Adams was a strong suporter of this and tried to convince her husband to "remember the ladies". -
Washingtons Farewell Address
After Washingtons 2nd term, he announced he would not run for another term and gave his farwell address. In his address, he warned the peole and the young nation about the dangers of political parties as well as to remain true to their values. -
Period: to
Reform And Social Change
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Second Great Awakening
The second Great Awakening occurred in 1790 by protestant traditionalists in response to diest leaders. Preachers like Charles Finney spoke to peoples emotions creating fear of eternal damnation and fear of fire. Baptist and methodist ministers hosted tent revivals converting thousands. The religous revival movement peaked in 1820s. -
Perfectionism
Due to all the religious revival, perfectionism grew aswell. Because of this, people believed they could achieve a perfect life that resembled the life of jesus. This fueled antebellum reform movemetns. -
Star Spangled Banner
After the start of the "second war for independence", the bombing of Fort Mchenry ispired lawyer on a nearby ship to write the star spangled banner. This increased nationalism that came out of war. Then, in 1931 it became Americas national anthem. -
Era of Good Feelings
After James Monroe was elected in 1816, this era of good feelings sweeped into society. There was a growth in national pride and independence. Tensions over tariffs, slavery, and political power were also less seen. -
Sectional Crisis
Over many issues, sectional crisis developed. Both the North and South became sectioned off as they had nothing in common, over debates of tariffs, slavery, industry, and many more. -
Cult of Domesticity
Market revolution as well as the transportation boom changed the nature of womans work. It was less necessary for women to work in both the home and in field. Men moved rom the fields to factories and the need for children to assist with agriculture was less so birthrate dropped. Gender roles for women became clearly defined as homemakers and mothers, known as "cult of domesticity". -
Rise of Common Men
In 1820, there was a rise in the "Common Men" which were hard working, modest, and protestant. Property requirenments to vote were eliminated and they could now select party candidates. -
Mormonism
Mormonism began with the teachings of Joseph Smith and was extended by Bringham young extending the faith, as well as moving the mormon flock to present day Utah. -
Temperance
Starting with the Antebellum reform movements, temperance was an organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption. Women reformers saw drinking as a threat to family life and abstinence from alcohol was taught. The movement had a huge impact on amount of alcohol consumed. -
Abolition
Abolition was the movement to end slavery started by groups of free africans and whites in the 1830s. Because of this, every state north of maryland passed laws abolishing slavery, and nearly 50 adrican anti-slavery groups had formed. Famous abolitionists were William Lloyd Garrison, Harriet Tubman, Sojourner truth and many more. -
Anglo-Americans/Nativist
Due to the mass migrations of people, a sense of nativism grew. Nativist were people who did not approve of immigrants. Anglo-Americans also became very popular as they were americans who believed they were the only "true" americans and blamed immigrants for competing with them for jobs. Till this day, these beliefs or ideas still appear in society. -
Knickerbockers
The knickerbockers of NY were the ones who developed "American" fiction. One of these were Washington Irivng. Examples of this fiction were Legend of sleepy hallow, twas night before christmas, and many more. Through these fictions, many authors like Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville, addressed questions of religion and morality. -
Romanticism
Romanticism shined emphasis on connection between man and nature in Europe. It was the embraced in America through transcendentalist wristings. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreu embraced self-reliance and encouraged americans to find truth in nature. All of this then inspired transcendental utopian communities. -
Education Reform
Due to the fact that people needed to be able t read the Bible, the idea of public school in New England grew. Horace Mann became the leader of educational reform movement and promoted the idea of public education for everyone. -
Trail of Tears
In 1830, the indian removal act was signed and sent natives west of the Mississippi to live on reservations. The movement was called the trail of tears due to all the devestating factors. -
Period: to
The Civil War
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manifest destiny
The belief that the U.S was suppose to cover the entire North American continent. Many people began to move westwards in hopes to find new and better opportunities. -
American Architect
American architects began to borrow classical style and forms from Rome, and Greece to express pride in Republic. They used Greek columns and Roman domes for example in the Monticello and the white house. -
Shakers/Oneida
Inspired by transcendental utopian communities, shakers and oneida groups formed. Shakers were known for sjaking during church services as they felt the spirit of god pulse through them. They soon died out due to sexual relations forbidden. The oneidas shared everything, including their spouses and soon died out due to leadership struggle. -
Seneca Falls Convention
The seneca falls convention was the first women rights convention led by Elizabeth Cady Station and Lucretia Mott. It discussed social, civil, religious and rights for women. It also called for suffrage, and leg to considerable public criticism. -
women in the civil war
Previous years before the war, women would only work inside the home and the men would work everywhere else outside of the home. However when the civil war broke out women left their household and started to work jobs that had belonged to the men. Many women volunteered to be nurses for the soldiers and as well as cooks. -
wartime production
As the civil war had been underway,many factories started to produce utilities that would be useful in the ar efforts. Coal and iron production increased drastically. There was also 50% more traffic on the railroads and the Erie Canal beause of all the shipping of weapons and other products. -
Period: to
The Gilded Age
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cowboys
Cowboys were adaped from mexican vaqueros. They hurdered cattle on long drives through trails across the country.After the construction of barb wired fences and refrigerated rail cars there was no longer a need for cowboys. -
13th, 14th and 15th amendments
The 13th amendment in 1865 abolished slavery while the 14th in 1868 gave citizenship and legal rights to all former slaves. The 15th amendment gave all African American men the right to vote (1870). -
black codes
Black codes were a set of "laws" that sought to limit the rights of African Americans. It limited their choice of occupation and arrested blacks who did not have a job. They also kept African Americans form being able to own any land. -
ku klux klan
A group of mostly white men created in 1866 to resist the freedoms of African Americans. They opposed Republican policies and used terror in order to inflict fear into African Americans and keep them from voting. They wore white bed sheets over there heads and would burn crosses. -
social darwinism
Charles Darwin believed that the value of a person was determined by how wealthy they were. "Natural Selection" was the belief that the strongest species would survive, so the rich were viewed as the stronger species which would survive and the poor were viewed as "unfit" and would eventually die out. -
factory life
Factory owners looked for ways to maximize profits and production while keeping costs low. They hired children and immigrants to work for low wages. they increased hours for workers to 12 hours a day and 6 days a week. There ware many workers killed from factory accidents since little attention was given to safety. -
temporance movement
Members of this movement believed tha the ban of alcohol (prohibition) would cure a variety of problemsin society. Carrie Nation was a member and would travel the United States smashing bars with a hatchet. She was arrested more than 30 times. -
telephone
Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876. This invention allowed communication to be faster and easier. -
thomas edisons inventions
Thomas Edison invented the phonograph and the motion picture camera which created new pastimes for many americans. He also invented the light bulb which allowed factories to be able to operate for 24 hours and they no longer had to rely on the sun light. -
ellis island
Opened in 1892 as a federal immigration station. Thousands of Euorpean immigrants arrived in the U.S during this time. Many came in escape of poverty, to get away from war, drougth and religious persecution. They hoped for a better life in the new world. -
Period: to
Domestic & Global Challenges
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henry ford and the model t
Henry Ford introduced the model t which was the first automobile to be affordable to the average person. He was able to mass produce the model t by putting in affect the assembly line and he paid his workers double. -
18th amendment
The 18th amendment banned alcohol. Prohibition was called the Noble Experiment because it was a progressive reform that tried to fix things wrong with society. Many people opposed this amendment because they wanted their aclcohol and it cost the federal government a lot of money. Instead of reducing the crime rates, it raised them when people would try to smuggle in alcohol ilegally. -
The "New Women"
In the 1920s many women began to break away from Victorian values. They began to wear short dresses, with bobbed hair and make-up, these new fashion interests were known as the flappers. Women were also starting to behave different by smoking, drinking, going out to parties and dating. -
consumer culture
New inventions in the 1920s made housecleaning easier and faster. People began to pay with credit and were able to make payments on their purchases instead of paying it all at once. Advertisement were also becoming more persuasive in selling their products. -
jazz
Jazz is a musical style with african american and european influences. It originated in New Orleans, and spread throughout the northern cities during th great migration. One of the biggest performers of te time was Louis Armstrong who was a famous trumpet player, composer and singer. -
traditionalist vs modernist
Traditionalists beleived that society was better developed in the past and they disagreed with making changes. They valued education, morals, religion, family and realism. They felt threatened in the 1920s because they felt that their was more independence and it scared them.Modernists on the other hand believed that changes and advancements was a good thing for the society. They were more open to scientific theories and social changes. -
Harlem Renaissance
An explosion of artistic, social and cultural views that took place in Harlem, NY. Many african american poets from this time period expressed their lives, love and music in their poems. -
radio and movies
Thomas Edison invented the motion picture camera that allowed for the production of movies. Many americans went to movie theaters in the 1920s for entertainment and fun. The first movies were silent movies and were able to be understood by anybody from different backgrounds. People used the radio to listen to news broadcasts, baseball games, music and programs. Radios were able to cut geographic barriers by allowing people from a different parts of the country to listen to the same thing. -
19th amendment
The 19th amendment officially allowed women to vote in elections. Women were now able to have their input on who would run their country. -
tin pan alley
Tin Pan Alley was a street where music publishers worked form 1880-1953. Irving Berlin was a song writer and composer who worked in tin pan alley. Many of the composers inspired african americans to express themselves through music. -
industry flourishes
In the 1920s there was and increase in wages and workers had disposable incomes. Factories were able to make profits by mass producing and buying into stock markets and buying on margins. With the extra money that Americans had they were able to buy things such as Model T's, radios and other luxuries that they could now afford. -
hoovervilles
During the Great Depression many people lived in hoovervilles which were makeshift shanty towns of tents and shacks built on public or vacant lots. They were named after President Herbert Hoover because many Americans blamed his hands-off government polices for the causing the economy to go bad. -
Hillbillies
"Hillillies" was the term reffered to those who lived scattered among Appalachian/ Ozark mountains, many of german descent. They usually followed northern neighbors and got along better with them. -
Period: to
Prosperity & Global Responsibility
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jackie robinson
Jackie Robinson was the first african american to play in a major league baseball team. At the time the sport was segregated but jackie robinson was able to break the color barrier and integrate the sport. -
impact of television
Television impacted the way that the avergae American family should be like. A nuclear family consisted of a mother a father and 2.4 children. Network newscasts also became standard in the American home. Television also caused the growth of Rock-n-Roll popularity. -
beatniks and abstract expressionism
Beatniks were the people that lived in the city and broke a lot of social customs.Two famous beatnik writers were Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac. Abstract expressionism was an artistic style which developed in the 1950s. Jackson Pollock was an abstract expressionist who was known for his unique way of painting. -
levittowns
Levittowns were communisties built by william levvitt. He was a mass producer of suburban homes. Many of the "baby boom" families moved to the suburbs and into these homes. -
the baby boom
After the soldiers returned home from WWII they had a lot of babies. 4.3 million babies were born in one year which was about 1 every 7 seconds. -
feminine mystique
A book written by Betty Feidan which is known to have sparked the second-wave of feminism in the U.S. The book focused on how women behaved in society and their "role" as a mother and wife. It showed that middle class women shouldnt only be focused on being a mother or wife but should also be able to have a fulfilling life by using their talents and achieving their goals. -
LBJ's Great Society
President Johnson's great society was his plan in improving the lives of struggling Americans. His goals were to end poverty, provide job training for young people, imrpove education and end the quota system on immigration. He also wanted to provide medical care for the elderly (medicare) and medical care for the poor (medicaid). -
hippies
"Hippies" had a 3-day musical festival in New York which was known as the Woodstock Festival and was held on a farm. The party invovlved a lot of peace, love and music and thousands of people attended. -
Period: to
Globalization/ Redefyning National Identity
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cable
Cable in the 1980s was able to push boundries and broadcast more explicit programs. Cable new stations were able to operate for 24 hours and satellite communication was able to transmit news to people from all around the world in seconds. -
multicultural society
The world was becoming for globalized with the internet and mass communication. Immigration had increased between the years 1965 and 2000 which caused for nativism to reemerge. Many nativist have focused on limiting undocumented workers access to public services such as education and medical care. Some have even pushed in making english the official language of the U.S. -
World Wide Web
The World Wide Web was developed from smaller networks of computers. Bill Gates created the personal computer by developing the technology. By the 1990s almost everybody in the United States had used the internet at some point. -
Graying of America
The graying of america began in the 1990s and will contnue through the 2050s. The baby boomers will have aged and the number of Americans over the age of 65 will have increased since the improved health care increases the average lifespan. It has been estimated that 1 in 4 Americans will be over the age of 85 by the year 2030. -
Y2K
Technological adances had brought the world together which brought a lot of excitement as well as fear. In the year 1999 many people feared that the apocolypse was near and that the world was coming to an end. They believed that all the computers would shut down in the year 2000 and that everybody would be left without any electricity. When the year actually arrived nothing changed and people proceeded with their life as normal. -
9/11
19 Islamic terrorists hijacked 4 commercial passenger jet airliners. Two of the planes were crashed into the twin towers of the world trade center in New York. The third plane was crashed into the pentagon. The fourth plane was crashed into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania after the passengers attempted to retake control of the plane which was headed towards Wachinton, D.C. -
war on terror
After the 9/11 attacks, President Bush announced a global war on terror. He ordered the invasion of Afghanistan in order to overthrow the Taliban regime. The invasion was known as Operation Enduring Freedom. The United States is still involved with Afghanistan today. -
Advances in health
Medical researchers experimented with human stem cells in order to try and regenerate damaged cells to cure diseases. The use of embryos have been widely debated in the United States and have been very controversal.
