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Leonid Brezhnev
He was the ruler of Russia 1964-1982, almost 20 years. He practiced detente with the U.S., or the lessenig of tensions. His era marked by a certain blandness of rule, a much-needed stability in Soviet ruling circles, a sometimes harsh repression of the Soviet people, and a hard-line attitude toward relations with the United States. -
Osama bin Laden
Osama bin Laden was a part of Al-Qaida, a group that focused on acts of terrorism. Bin Laden thought that Al-Qaida would prove to be the leaders of the world and not America. After organizing many deadly attacks, including 9/11 and many bombings, Bin Laden was on the FBI's "most wanted" list for over a decade. In August of 2010, the U.S. Navy SEALs found BIn Laden and shot him instantly. -
Jimmy Carter
Served as the 39th president of the United States, 1977-1981. He wanted to make government competent and compassionate. Through the "Camp David" (1978) agreement in the Middle East he helped create peace between Egypt and Israel. He established full relations with the People's Republic of China and succeeded negotiation of the SALT II nuclear limitation treaty with the Soviet Union. Due to the Soviet's invasion of Afghanistan the plans for proof of the SALT II Pact were suspended. -
Babrak Karmal Installed as Ruler
Babrak Karmel became a ruler backed bythe Soviet troops. Resistance intensified with various mujahideen groups fighting Soviet forces. US, Pakistan, China, Iran, and Saudi Arabia supplied money and arms to the mujahideen. Karmal became the new communist leader after the Soviets came into Afghan and made it a communist government. -
UUSR, US Pakistan Peace Accords
The three counties signed an agreement to withdraw Soviet forces from Pakistan. This agreement prevented the U.S. from supplying the Afghan anti-Soviet and Afghanistan and Pakistan had to agree to not interfere with each other's affairs. Although met with resistance, the Soviets finally signed a peace accord with Afghanistan. -
Mujahideen Alliance/US Support of Mujahideen
The CIA provided billions of dollars abd assistance to the fundamnetalist, conservation wing of Islam, insurgents through the Pakistani secret services. This was called Operation Cyclone. The U.S. provided military weapons to them wihout knowing that in the future, they would become enemies. -
Civil War of 1992
The 1992-1996 phase of conflict in Afghanistan began after the resignation of the communist President Mihammad Najibullah. The post-communist Islamic State of Afghanistanwas established by the Peshawar Accord, a peace and power-sharing agreement under which all the Afghan parties were united in April, 1992, except for the Hezb-e Islami of Gulbuddin Hekmatyar. Hekmatyar started a bomvardment campaign against the capital city Kabul which marked the start of this new phase in war. -
Taliban
The Taliban are a group of Afghanistan and western Pakistan. When the group first emerged, they were a resistance group to try and remove the Soviets from China. After the Soviets withdrew, the Taliban formed a government in 1994. While ruling from 1996-2001, they were known for harsh controls. After 9/11, U.S removed the Taliban from power because they didn't arrest Osama bin Laden and other terrorist members. -
UN Air Embargo on Afghanistan
In response to on-going violent conflict in Afhanistan, the UN imposed a voluntary arms embargo on Afghanistan, calling upon all States to end the supply of arms and ammunition to all parties in the Afghanistan conflict. In October, 1999, the UN imposed a ban on air transport and a freeze of all assests of the Taliban. This was in response to the Taliban being involved in human rights abuses, the killing of Iranian diplomats, opium trade, and providing a safe haven for Osama bin Laden. -
9/11
On September 11, 2001, Al-Qaida, an Islamic terrorist group, hijacked four airlines and attacked multiple heavily populated locations in the U.S. The first two hit the Twin Towers in New York. The third hit the Pentagon in Washington D.C. The fourth crashed in a field in Pennsylvania. These attacks of terror resulted in thousands of deaths, over 2,000 at the World Trade Center. Since then, the U.S. has been aware of terrorist threats and ahs tried to prevent more terrible events from occuring. -
U.S. Inasion of Afghanistan
On October 7, 2001 a U.S. led coalition began attacks on Afghanistan with an intense bombing by American and British forces. The atack was a response to 9/11 when Afghan led a terrorist attack, crashing planes into the Twin Towers and the Pentagon. The U.S. attack was meant to target, terrorist Osama bin Laden. On November 12, a month after the U.S. invasion, Taliban forces and officials receded from the capital of Kabul. By the beginning of December the last Taliban had fallen.