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Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Flemming
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New era of Chemotherapy started with the use of synthetic sulphonamides
By the end of the decade, Protonsil and other closely related sulphonamides were introduced. -
Period: to
New era of Chemotherapy started with the use of synthetic sulphonamides
By the end of the decade, Protonsil and other closely related sulphonamides were introduced. -
First Agricultural Antibiotic: Protonsil (sulfochrysoidine), Marketed by Bayern.
Protonsil was the first effective drug against Gram-positive infections used for agriculture purporses. It was a commercial success! -
Sulphonamides like sulphapyridine were marketed for use in animals in Britain
Protonsil and other sulphonamides like sulphapyridine were marketed for use in animals from 1938 onwards -
Period: to
Producers of synthetic and biological antibiotics emerged during Second World War
While the Second World War constrained European drug manufacturing, US companies like Merck, Pfizer, and American Cyanamid emerged as leading producers of synthetic and biological antibiotics -
Gramicidin is used to treat Mastitis in Cows
Gramicidin was firstly used to treat a mass outbreak of mastitis (udder infection in cows) at New York’s World Exhibition -
Penicillin supplies were tested against mastitis in both Britain and Denmark
During wartime importance of milk production also meant that precious penicillin supplies were tested against mastitis in both Britain and Denmark -
the Soviet Union (USSR) and China had also developed limited penicillin capabilities.
Non-human antibiotic use was not confined to capitalist countries. During the 1940s, the Soviet Union (USSR) and China had also developed limited penicillin capabilities. However, production increased dramatically after 1945 when the US, Britain, and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Agency (UNRRA) disseminated more advanced penicillin know-how. Expertise and non-commercial pilot plants were provided to Italy, Belarus, Ukraine, Poland, China, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia -
Japan had launched its own antibiotic production trials during World War II
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Biological antibiotics curbed infections in farmed fish
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During Cold War: Antibiotic production and research subsequently emerged as a field of superpower rivalry and espionage
As a result of growing Cold War tensions, United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Agency (UNRRA) was largely shut down in 1947 and Western exports curtailed. -
First antibiotic officially licensed for routine inclusion in poultry feeds
Merck’s sulfaquinoxaline was the first antibiotic to be officially licensed for routine inclusion in poultry feeds against coccidiosis. -
Sulphonamides were used against foulbrood in commercial bee hives
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Lederle Laboratories announced the antibiotic growth effect in farming
Investigating antibiotic fermentation wastes as an alternative source of expensive vitamin B12 feed supplements, researchers at American Cyanamid’s Lederle Laboratories found that unextracted antibiotic residues were capable of increasing animals’ weight gains. Feeding low-dosed antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) was also believed to prophylactically protect against bacterial disease -
Period: to
Fragmented concerns about the use of antibiotics in food production
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Antibiotic tubes against mastitis proved popular in the dairy sector
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The new B12/AGP feeds proved particularly popular in the corn-rich Midwest and are officially licensed
Across the US, the new feeds were rapidly adopted by farmers eager to supply booming post-war demand for meat. According to antibiotic growth promoter (AGP) co-discoverer, Thomas Jukes, Lederle was soon selling tankcars of brine containing residues from the fermentation” (Jukes, 1985). On farms, the boundaries between growth promotion, therapy, and prophylaxis soon blurred. -
In West Germany: AGPs were licensed for use without veterinary prescription
Promoted by manufactures and authorities like the US High Commission in West Germany, it did not take long for new antibiotic applications to cross the Atlantic (Cozzoli, 2014; Kirchhelle, 2016). Although European veterinarians were already using antibiotics to treat individual animals, the end of rationing, falling drug prices, and new AGPs led to a rapid expansion of overall antibiotic consumption.
In West Germany, bacitracin, oleandomycin, taomycin, and flavomycin AGPs were also licensed -
Soviet’ antibiotics like albomycin (1951), furacillin (1955), and grisemin (1956/57) were developed
From the 1950s onwards, communist publications regularly celebrated the construction of new antibiotic plants, antibiotic aid to communist or non-aligned states, and new ‘Soviet’ antibiotics like albomycin (1951), furacillin (1955), and grisemin (1956/57) (Gause, 1955; Suskind, 1960).6 Communist antibiotic experts were also sent to Western countries as part of high-profile delegations.7 -
in Britain: AGPs were licensed for use without veterinary prescription
In Britain, a legal loophole also enabled the use of tylosin (Kirchhelle, 2018). -
the Icelandic whaling station at Hvalurfjördur started routinely using Pfizer’s biostat (oxytetracycline).
Norway and Iceland trialled the use of antibiotics to preserve whale meat. In the whaling industry, bacterial spoilage and long processing times posed significant problems. Before a harpooned animal could be processed, it had to be pulled in and inflated with oxygen to stop it from sinking— which increased autolysis. Even after processing commenced, carcases cooled slowly. -
In the Netherlands: AGPs were licensed for use without veterinary prescription
Most countries initially licensed penicillin, oxytetracycline, and chlortetracycline growth promoters. Probably due to its strong penicillin industry (Burns, 2005; Burns, 2011), -
Norwegian and Soviet whalers started routinely using Pfizer’s biostat (oxytetracycline).
In order to increase whale meat and offal yields, whalers began to experiment with tetracyclines around 1950. Antibiotics were incorporated into explosive harpoons and injected into carcasses via inflation devices or aboard ships. The results were excellent: bacterial contamination and carcass swelling decreased while offal, meat, and oil quality increased. -
Streptomycin sprays and solutions are used to treat and prevent bacterial plant infections while tetracycline preservatives delayed spoilage in US fish, shellfish, and poultry
Industry scientists devised further nonhuman antibiotic applications as a lucrative source of revenue beyond the seemingly saturated human antibiotic market.
(Kirchhelle, 2019). -
in France: AGPs were licensed for use without veterinary prescription
In France, the three standard AGPs were soon joined by erythromycin and—on a smaller scale—by oleandomycin, spiramycin, neomycin, and framycetin. -
Streptomycin-based plant sprays and solutions were licensed in Europe
Similar to the US, antibiotics also entered other areas of European food production. Mostly streptomycin-based plant sprays and solutions were licensed from the mid-1950s onwards to combat American fire blight, a destructive bacterial disease of fruit trees and related plants, which had spread to Europe in 1957 -
Up to 50% of British pigs were fed antibiotics and that nearly all unweaned piglets had access to food containing tetracyclines
(Williams Smith, 1958). -
Japanese researchers isolated the streptogramin antibiotic blasticidin S. Licensed for use against rice blast disease
Antibiotics also acquired an important role in rice production. In 1958, Japanese researchers isolated the streptogramin antibiotic blasticidin S. Licensed for use against rice blast disease in 1961 -
Netherlands licensed tetracycline AGPs
(Witte, 2012; Manten et al., 1962) -
Agricultural antibiotic boom in Japan
Although it established residue limits and banned antibiotic preservatives, expensive fodder imports, limited land availability, and productivity-oriented policies fostered increasingly antibiotic intensive forms of livestock and fish production from the 1960s onwards (Wesley, 1996; Morita, 1997). -
FDA introduced the first national monitoring programme for penicillin residues in milk
Following long-standing complaints by dairies about antibiotics’ disruption of cheese production, consumers were shocked to learn that up to 10% of US milk samples were contaminated with penicillin during the mid-1950s. Residues occurred as a result of over-dosed mastitis treatments, farmers’ noncompliance with withdrawal times, and illegal antibiotic sprinkling into milk to delay spoilage. -
Streptogramin antibiotic blasticidin S. was licensed for use against rice blast disease
blasticidin S. dusts and solutions were heralded as a safe substitute for mercury and arsenic-based products in the wake of contemporary organic mercury poisonings in the Minamata area. Further antibiotics like kasugamycin (licensed 1965), polyoxin (licensed 1967), and validamycin (licensed 1972) were also deployed against plant infections (Misato, 1976). -
Netherthorpe Report endorsed existing antibiotic use but recommended restrictions of future antibiotics.
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Ruth Harrison’s bestseller Animal Machines attacked alleged welfare abuses, drug overuse, and AMR selection on ‘factory farms’
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British government licensed antibiotic preservatives for fish
(Bundestag, 2008; Kirchhelle, 2018). -
Japanese Antibiotic kasugamycin was licensed against plant infections
Further antibiotics like kasugamycin (licensed 1965), polyoxin (licensed 1967), and validamycin (licensed 1972) were also deployed against plant infections (Misato, 1976). Caught in a vicious cycle of AMR selection and higher-dosed treatment, -
West Germany’s Minister of Agriculture estimated that 80% of mixed feeds for young pigs, veal calves, and poultry contained antibiotic additives
(Kirchhelle, 2016). -
US First national monitoring programme for antibiotics in meat and license withdrawals for antibiotic preservatives
similar public concerns and new residue detections resulted in the first national monitoring programme for antibiotics in meat and license withdrawals for antibiotic preservatives (Kirchhelle, 2019) -
Japanese antibiotic polyoxin was licensed
Further antibiotics like kasugamycin (licensed 1965), polyoxin (licensed 1967), and validamycin (licensed 1972) were also deployed against plant infections (Misato, 1976). Caught in a vicious cycle of AMR selection and higher-dosed treatment, -
Swann Committee: antibiotics to veterinary prescription
he so-called Swann Committee recommended a series of reforms of which the restriction of medically relevant antibiotics to veterinary prescription was the most significant -
Period: to
US antibiotics used for non-medicinal purposes rose from 3310 to 5580 tonnes
the amount of US antibiotics used for non-medicinal purposes (excluding sulphonamides) rose from 3310 to 5580 tonnes (NAS, 1980). -
Precautionary restrictions of medically relevant AGPs like penicillin and the tetracyclines were subsequently adopted by Britain
Although critics argued that agricultural antibiotic use had not been shown to harm health, precautionary restrictions of medically relevant AGPs like penicillin and the tetracyclines were subsequently adopted by Britain (1971), member states of the European Economic Community (1973–1976), and Switzerland (1973) (Lebek and Gubelmann, 1979; Castanon, 2007). -
Validamycin was licensed against plant infections
Further antibiotics like kasugamycin (licensed 1965), polyoxin (licensed 1967), and validamycin (licensed 1972) were also deployed against plant infections (Misato, 1976). Caught in a vicious cycle of AMR selection and higher-dosed treatment, -
In South Africa 80% of producers routinely fed antibiotic creep feeds—dietary supplements for young animals
A survey of large South African pig farms (producing ca. 10% of pigs slaughtered in 1970) found that ca. 80% of producers routinely fed antibiotic creep feeds—dietary supplements for young animals—to piglets for 2 to 3 weeks (Bakker and Davies, 1972). -
Japan’s annual use of blasticidin S., kasugamycin, polyoxin, validamycin, streptomycin, and chloramphenicol-based plant products totalled over 14,000 tonnes
(Misato et al., 1977). -
Cattle producers began to use new ionophore antibiotics like monensin
(Coban/Rumensin—licensed in 1975) to prevent bloat and coccidiosis and to enhance animals’ processing of high-roughage and grain diets. Within 10 years of monensin’s licensing, ionophores were being fed to over 90% of US feedlot cattle (Dyer and O’Mary, 1977; Perry, 1980; Owens et al., 1991; Kirchhelle, 2019). -
In Sweden, Swann-style AGP restrictions had been introduced
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Kinetics of activated sludge proccess
Evaluacion de lodos activados haciendo diferentes experimentos en reactores tipo batch y continuos para la remocion de contaminantes. -
Spain: half of antibiotics were being consumed by livestock
In Spain, a 1984 study found that roughly half of antibiotics were being consumed by livestock despite similar AGP restrictions (Santesmases, 2018). -
Descripcion de antibioticos en el ambiente
Nygaard et al., 1992; Samuelsen et al., 1992; -
Denmark, the Netherlands, and Germany opposed a British request to license avoparcin for dairy cows
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FDA officials licensed two fluoroquinolone antibiotics for use in poultry feeds
and water despite warnings about the drugs’ close relation to human reserve antibiotics. -
Explicacion de mecanismos de resistencia antibiorica sin soporte de datos experimentales
(e.g. Hirsch et al., 1999). -
Estudio de mecanismos de resistencia a antibioticos en el agua
Descripcion mas detallada de como la presencia de antibioticos en el agua genera resistencia y explicacion de los diferentes mecanismos. Referencias importantes: Edquist and Pedersen, 2001; Lord Soulsby of Swaffham Prior, 2008. -
Deteccion de Ciprofloxacina en efluentes de aguas residuales de italia
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Remocion de antibioticos de uso humano y veterinario: comparacion entre lodos activados y microfiltracion/osmosis invertida
Remocion de 28 antibioticos de uso humano y veterinario usando sistema de lodos activados y microfiltracion/osmosis inversa. Watkinsona, et al., 2007. -
Removal of amoxicillin, ampicillin, and cloxacillin in Synthetic Water using Fenton, photo-Fenton, TiO2 photocatalytic and UV/ZnO processes.
Fenton, photo-Fenton, TiO2 photocatalytic
and UV/ZnO processes.
Synthetic water of antibiotic aqueous solution containing 104,
105 and 103 mg/L of amoxicillin, ampicillin, and cloxacillin, -
Optimization of Fenton treatment for removal of amoxicillin and cloxacillin in Synthetic water
Optimization of Fenton treatment for removal of amoxicillin and cloxacillin in Synthetic water. Affam & Chaudhuri, 2014. -
Removal of amoxicillin in Synthetic water using VUV advanced process
VUV advanced process.
amoxicillin(AMX).
Purpose: degradation and mineralization -
Deteccion de antibioticos en Efluente PTAR de Cali y 3 puntos del Rio Cauca
Concentraciones reportadas
Sulfametoxazol 580 ng/L
Trimetoprim 220 ng/L
Dicloxacilina 190 ng/L
Claritromicina 430 ng/L
Metronidazol 510 ng/L
Dehidrato-erithromicina 99 ng/L
Tilosina 89 ng/L
Madera, 2017. -
Detecciones en Aguas Residuales de Bogota, Medellin, Hospital de Tumaco y Florencia.
Detecciones en Aguas Residuales de Bogota, Medellin, Hospital de Tumaco y Florencia. Antibioticos detectados:
Azithromycin
Ciprofloxacin
Clarithromycin
Clindamycin
Cloxacillin
Doxycycline
Erythromycin
Metronidazole
Tetracycline
Trimethoprim
Botero-Coy et al., 2018. -
Synthetic Water: copper oxide for simultaneous photoelectrocatalytic degradation
copper oxide for simultaneous
photoelectrocatalytic degradation
