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Henry IV, a Bourbon prince and Huguenot leader, inherited the french throne. Knowing that a protestant would face severe problems ruling a catholic land, he became catholic. He issued the Edict of Nantes in 1598, which granted religious toleration and let them fortify their own towns and cities, to protect protestants. He made the basics for royal absolutism because he built the royal bureacracy and reduced influence of nobles
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The Edict of Nantes granted religious toleration and let them fortify their own towns and cities, to protect protestants.
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The first Stuart Monarch, who had agreed to rule according to English laws and customs.
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Bohemian Protestants tossed two cathoclic officials out of a window
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started by two royal officials getteng tossed out of a window. Fought by catholcis and protestants and their allies. lasted for 30 years
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he was appointed chief minister by Louis XIII. he was determined to destroy the power of the nobles and the huguenots , two groups that did not bow down to royal authority.
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in the countryside near paris, louis turned a royal hunting lodge into the immense palace of versaille. It became the perfect symbol of the suns king's wealth and power.
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like his father, charles behaved like an absolute monarch. He imprisoned foes without trial and squeezed the nation for money. his need to raise taxes forced him to summon parilaiment.
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the petition of rights prohibited the king from raising taxes without the consent of parliament or imprisioning anyone without just cause.
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It lasted on and off intil 1653. Its actions triggered the greatest politcal revolution in english history called the english cival war.
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it posed a major challenge to the rise of absolute monarchs. but while the forces of royal power won in france, in england the forces of revoulution triumphed.
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soon after he became king disorder swept france in and uprising called the fronde. Nobles, merchants, peasants, and the urban poor rebelled, each group for its own reasons.
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Oliver Cromwell, the leader of the Roundheads, created the New Model Army to be a disciplined fighting effort for Parliament
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The exhausted combatants accepted a series of treaties, known as the treaty of westphalia. Because so many powers had been invloved in the conflict , the war ended with a general european peace.
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The exhausted combatants accepted a series of treaties, known as the treaty of westphalia. Because so many powers had been invloved in the conflict , the war ended with a general european peace.
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parliament had set up a court to put him on trial.He was found guilty as a "tyrant, traitor, murderer, and a public enemy."
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Charles being executed marked the end of the english civil war,
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Parliament enacted a series of laws designed to make sure that Sunday was set aside for religous observance.
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Charles II came into power after Cromwell's death. he was a young popular ruler . he reopened theatres and taverns and presided over a lively court in the manner of Louis XIV.
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peter become he tsar in 1682, but did not take control of the government until 1689 .
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Louis saw the protestant minority as a threat to religous and political unity. he revoked the edict of nantes. facing prosecution, mot=re than 100,000 huguenots fled france.
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william and mary landed with their army, james II fled to france. this bloodless overthrow became known as the glorious revolution
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It ensured the supriority of parliament over the monarchy. it required the monarch to summon parliament regularly and gave the house of commons the "power of the purse" a king or queen could no longer interfere in parliamentary debates or suspend laws.
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Peter set out to study western technology for himself. Returning to russia he brought along a group of technical experts, teachers, soldiers, and nobles he had recruited.
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The great symbol of peter's desire to forge a modern russia was his new capital city, st. petersburg. to open a "window to the west", he located the city on the swampy shores of the neva river near the baltic coast.
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he ruled for 72 years and outlived his sons ans grandsons. he was far too weak to dea with such problems. he neglected his duties.
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He left a mixed leagacy. he had expanded Russian territory, gained ports on the baltic sea, and created a mighty army,
