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Henry IV was the first Bourbon monarch for France. Because France was largely Catholic, he went from being Protestant to Catholic to make things easier. He issued the Edict of Nantes to help out the Protestants.
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Henry IV issued this to protect the Protestants. This protection order allowed the Huguenots more religious toleration.
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King James I was the first Stuart Monarch to become king. He strongly believed in the Divine Right. He was an important absolute leader.
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War actually started when two Bohemian Prostestants were thrown out of a window, adding even more to the conflicts between the Catholics and Protestants. Defenestration means "out of the window." It was served as a punishment and meant to kill them.
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The was actually began in 1818, with much tension occuring before it. This war started as a war of religion and was considered one of the "most destructive" wars. It also had political causes. The Defenestration at Prague triggered it.
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Richelieu spent his 18 year reign strengthening the monarchy. He wanted to destry Huguenots and nobles, or anyone else that did not put the monarchy on the highest pedestal.
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Louis XIV created the Palace of Versailles. He turned a hunting lodge into a big, beautiful palace.The palace was the symbol of the King's wealth.
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Charles I was an absolute Monarch. He believed that he had all the power to ake away everyone's rights etc.
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Parliament forced Charles to sign this petition but then in 1629, Parliament dissolved. He eventually disreguarded the petition for 11 years and never made decisions with Parliament.
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Long Parliament was the Parliament that Charles I summoned and it was "Long" because it was on and off until 1653. This Parliament started a political revolution.
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Charles led soldiers to the House of Commons to arrest some leaders. After they ran out a back door and started their own army, the English Civil War started.
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Oliver Cromwell was a skilled general. He created the New Model Army for Parliament into a "fighting force." They won over Cavaliers in numerous battles.
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Louis was also a Bourbon Monarch ruling France. He had the longest reign in European History with almost 73 years. Soon after he became king, disorder started again in France.
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Peace took place by 1648, with a bunch of treaties signed, one including the Peace of Westphalia. So many different powers were included in the problem that the war ended with overall European peace.
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This treaty ultimately ended the Thirty Years War. It tried to spread peace amongst Europe.
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Eventually, Parliament put the King on trial. He was guilty and sentenced to death. He got his head cut off in front of many civilains and believed that he died as a "martyr."
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By 1647, Parliament gained control of the King. The Roundheads had clearly won over the Cavalievers.
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The Commonwealth was something based on religion; Puritan preachers tried to start a "rule of saints." Parliament started laws based on religious purposes.
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Charles II was brought back to London to rule in 1660. He was very popular amoungst the English people. He was relaxed and allowed many of the things the Commonwealth did not.
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The grandson of Henry IV wanted to revoke the Edict, so he did. He ended up making Protestantism illegal which had a negative impact on France.
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Before becoming King and Queen, William and Mary had to accept the Bill of Rights. It included many things such as the Habeus Corpus, traditional rights of the English people, and more.
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William and Mary forced James II off the throne. He fled to France.The overthrow of King James II was known as the Glorious Revolution.
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Peter came to the throne at 10 years old but did not start ruling until 1689. He was not very educated but very curious. He wanted to travel and see all the advanced technology he had heard about in Western Europe.
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Peter set out to Western Euope to seel all the technology. He observed a lot, going into art galleries and factories, and very much liked Parliament.
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Peter the Great made St. Petersburg the capital of Russia. He located the city on the Neva River because he wanted a "window on the west."
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Louis XIV died in 1715, after his almost 72 year reign, at 76 years old. He had the longest reign in Euopean history and out lived all his sons.
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Peter left behind a "mixed legacy." He expanded Russia but at the same time many reforms died after he passed away,
