-
World War I Conscription Crisis
-"Military Service Bill" made conscription a law in 1917
-Riots in Quebec and Montreal followed
-The French Canadians didn't think WW1 was their war, and were angry about being forced to fight in a foreign war -
Period: to
Union Nationale Party
-As a loose coalition of legislators (1935)
-As a political party (1936)
-The Union Nationale was a Québec political party founded in 1935 and dissolved in 1989.
-Won 6 provincial elections
- Maurice Duplessis was charismatic leader until his death in 1959
-defended provincial autonomy, conservatism, economic liberalism and rural life -
Period: to
Duplesiss Era / The Great Darkness
-Maurice Duplessis, was elected so that Quebec would remain conservative
-Roman Catholic and political conservative
-Refused money from Federal Government
-Known for bad working conditions (encouraged unions and used strong arm tactics)
-"La Grande Noirceur" (Great Darkness)
- Wrote "Royal Commission of Inquiry on Constitutional Problems"
-"Swinging Sixties" -
WW2 Conscription Crisis
-PM King promised he wouldn't impose conscription in 1939
-In 1940, he made all men help with the war effort, but not serve overseas
-In 1942, he help a public vote on conscription, most english Canadian supported conscription while most French Canadians opposed it
-This damaged relations with the French, who again didn't see this as their war -
Period: to
Duplesiss Era / The Great Darkness
-Maurice Duplessis, was elected so that Quebec would remain conservative
-Roman Catholic and political conservative
-Refused money from Federal Government
-Known for bad working conditions (encouraged unions and used strong arm tactics)
-"La Grande Noirceur" (Great Darkness)
- Wrote "Royal Commission of Inquiry on Constitutional Problems"
-"Swinging Sixties" -
Period: to
The Quiet Revolution
-Jean Lesage
Liberal Party
Premier of Quebec
Wasn't seeking independence, wanted new and equal partnership
-Campaign Slogan - Maitres Chez Nous (Masters of our own house)
-Period of rapid reform and modernization called - la revolution tranquille
-Characterized by secularization, welfare state, investments in public education, unionization of civil service, economy, development of Hydro-Quebec
-"Specical Status"
-French Nationalism - Quebecois
-Ended before October Crisis (Oct. 17, 1970) -
1960's Separatist Movement
Separatists were a group of people
They wanted quebec to split from Canada
Did not like that the government was predominantly english speaking
Canada was better for english speaking people
Created the Parti Quebecois (PC) -
Front de libération du Québec
Front for the Liberation of Quebec
Quiet Revolution
Small cells of groups branched off of the FLQ
Led to violent attacks and terrorist actions
October Crisis
Dieppe Cell
kidnapping of James Cross and Pierre Laporte
Many FLQ members arrested -
Bi & Bi Commission investigation
-Lester B. Pearson
-Canadian royal commission
-"inquire into and report upon the existing state of bilingualism and biculturalism in Canada and to recommend what steps should be taken to develop the Canadian Confederation"
-Bilingualism and Biculturalism
-Created to investigate solutions to make quebec feel more welcomed
-The report called for Canada to become bilingual with english and french as two official languages
-Allowed parents to send children to school with language of their choice -
Canada's New Flag 1965
Created the Flag Debate
Many people did not want a new flag because of Tradition
English Canada wanted to keep the red ensign, french canada wanted a new flag
After hundreds of suggestions the Red and White maple leaf was chosen
New flag raised on parliament for the first time on Feb 15 1965 -
Canada's Immigration Policy- "Color Blind"
Prime Minister Trudeau introduced a policy of Multiculturalism
Policy encouraged diversity and minority groups
Race does not matter in immigration policy
immigration is now a points system
Everyone has equal chance of being accepted into canada -
Trudeau Becomes Prime Minister
-15th PM of Canada
-"Trudeaumania" - Very personal popularity, celebrity status amongst voters
-Progressive, defending and expanding public healthcare and social security
-Made Canada Bilingual (French/English official languages)
-Imposed war measures act in response to the October Crisis (Quebec Separatists kidnapping government ministers)
-Deployed troops to Montreal / Quebec
-Expanded Welfare State
-Liberal -
Official Languages Act
-Signed by Trudeau
-Gave all Canadians legal right and ability to deal with the Federal Government in either French or English
-All products sold in stores across country had to be labelled in both French and English
-French Immersion programs were implemented -
October Crisis
-Laporte's dead body discovered in trunk of car
-Canadian Gov't (Trudeau) agreed to broadcast FLQ Manifesto and transport 5 FLQ terrorists to Cuba in exchange for Cross' (Diplomat) release
-Cross released and terrorists allowed into Cuba
-23 people went to prison
-First political kidnapping in Canadian history -
War Measures Act
-Response to the October Crisis
-Gave gov't power to take away certain civil rights
-Thousands of searches were conducted
-400 arrests made
-FLQ members became criminals
-All political rallies were banned
-Gov't had ability to arrest, question, and detain suspects without charge for a period of 90 days
-Trudeau -
Multiculturalism Policy
-made multiculturalism an official government policy of Canada
-promoted multiculturalism in Canada between the french and English cultures
-was supported by prime minister Pierre Trudeau, who encouraged increased mixing of french and english Canadians and encouraged parents to send their children to french immersion schools
-was not so warmly received by some english Canadians, who saw this as the federal government trying to force another culture on them
-still was mostly well received -
Bill 22
-Introduced by Robert Bourassa
-Made French official language of Quebec
-Strengthened French workplace
-Children has to pass english proficiency test before being allowed to register at English Schools in Quebec
-Introduced because birth rates declining in Quebec, immigration increasing
-Feared French language would disappear all together -
1976 Immigration policy moves to 'sponsorship program'
The act recognizes 4 basic categories of individuals eligible for immigration status
-have to have a family
-assisted relatives
-humanitarian class
-independent class(selected off point system) -
1976 Parti Quebecois wins provincial election on Quebec
-one of the most significant elections in Quebec history
-rivalled only by the 1960 general election
-the Parti Québécois, led by René Lévesque, defeated the incumbent Quebec Liberal Party, led by Robert Bourassa. -
1976 Bill 101 introduced by Parti Quebecois, Rene Levesque
-Parti Québécois government came into power in 1976 under the leadership of René Lévesque
-introduced as Bill 1
-strongly supported by nationalist and union groups
-Bill 1 was withdrawn because of pressure from the Liberal opposition and reappeared as Bill 101 -
1977 Bill 101 passed
-made French the official language of government and of the courts in the province of Québec
-making it the normal and habitual language of the workplace, of instruction, of communications, of commerce and of business.
-Education in French became compulsory for immigrants -
1980 Referendum on Sovereignty Association
-called by the Parti Québécois (PQ) government
-ask the people of Québec for a mandate to negotiate
-Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau persuaded many Québécois that a rejection of the Péquiste option would immediately lead to negotiations for a new Canadian federalism
-negotiations between the federal and provincial governments began right after the referendum
-proposal to pursue secession was defeated by a 59.56 percent to 40.44 percent margin
-A second referendum on sovereignty was held in 1995 -
Constitution Act
-Prime Minister Trudeau
-Wanted Canada's constitution to belong to Canada (Repatriated)
-Quebec refused to sign Canada's new constitution (still haven't) because they felt betrayed
-Amending formula (ability to make changes without British Parliament approval)
-Charter of Rights and Freedom -
Brian Mulroney
-18 PM of Canada
-Progressive Conservative Party
-Majority Gov't (211 seats)
-Manicouagan
-Promised to bring Québec to the Constitution "with honour and enthusiasm"
-Party took 58 of its seats in Quebec -
Meech Lake Accord 1987
proposed amendments to the Constitution of Canada
Part of the attempt to make Quebec feel important
attempt to keep quebec as part of canada
Failure to pass the Accord greatly increased tensions between Quebec and the remainder of the country. -
Reform Party
-Western-based political party that grew out of a coalition (Western alienation)
-Coalition began in 1986-attempted voice Western concerns at national level
-R.A. voted yes to party to voice Western economic & constitutional concerns
-Officially founded in Winnipeg 1987
-Leader Preston Manning
-Platform: free trade, direct democracy, contemporary proposals (Triple-E Senate), reduce cost of gov't (social welfare, cultural support programs), against Quebec's demands 4 special status -
Canadian Multiculturalism Act
-PM Pierre Trudeau declared commitment to principle of multiculturalism in 1971
-Lead to - Ministry of Multiculturalism, and Canadian Consultative Council on Multiculturalism
-Progressive Conservative gov't of Brian Mulroney passed act in 1988
-"promote the full and equitable participation of individuals and communities of all origins in the continuing evolution and shaping of all aspects of Canadian society" -
Meech Lake Accord 1990
proposed amendments to the Constitution of Canada
Part of the attempt to make Quebec feel important
attempt to keep quebec as part of canada
Failure to pass the Accord greatly increased tensions between Quebec and the remainder of the country. -
Bloc Quebecois
-Federal political party
-Founded as a parliamentary movement composed of Québec MPs who left the Conservative and Liberal parties after the failure of the Meech Lake Accord
-Promotes Québec's interests and Québec sovereignty in the House of Commons
-Supports independence of Quebec
-Led by former federal Conservative cabinet minister Lucien Bouchard -
The Charlottetown Accord 1992
The Charlottetown Accord (French: Accord de Charlottetown) was a package of proposed amendments to the Constitution of Canada, proposed by the Canadian federal and provincial governments in 1992. It was submitted to a public referendum on October 26 of that year, and was defeated. -
1994 Parti Quebecois returned to power
-the Parti Québécois was returned to power with 44.7 per cent of the votes and 77 seats in the National Assembly — a strong majority -
30 Oct 1995 2nd Referendum on Sovereignty Association
-the 1995 Quebec referendum was the second referendum to ask voters in the Canadian province of Quebec whether Quebec should proclaim national sovereignty
-rest of Canada was tired of constitutional matters
-the "No" side achieved victory by a narrow majority of 50.58 per cent -
1998 Clarity Bill and the Supreme Court decision
-gives effect to the requirement for clarity set out by the Supreme Court of Canada in the Québec Secession Reference
-introduced in Parliament on 13 December 1999 by the Liberal government of Prime Minister Jean Chrétien
-Supreme Court answered that Quebec cannot secede unilaterally under Canadian or international law
