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Colonial Period
Formal education reserved for wealthy white mails, focused on "3 Rs" and was often tied to religious goals. Differences in regional education: Southern colonies: private tutors for wealthy families, religious boarding schools in big cities. Middle colonies: Parochial schools to teach religion in addition to 3 Rs. New England Colonies: Religious clustering allowed for almost public schools. -
Foundation of Jamestown
The first lasting colony in America -
Boston Latin Grammar School
Prepared boys for ministry and law -
Old Deluder Satan Act
Massachusetts Act of 1647 introduces idea of education as contributing to the public good. Requires every town of 50 or more households to employ a teacher of reading and writing. -
William Berkley rails against public education and free books.
"I think God , there are no free schools nor printing, and I hope we shall not have them these hundred years, for learning has brought disobedience, and heresy, and sects into the world. and printing has divulged them, and libels against the best government. God keep us from them both." -
Franklin's Academy
Eliminated religion, allowed female students, focused on practical education like science, navigation, and accounting. -
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Native American: Treaties
Federal government signs nearly 400 treaties with Native American nations and tribes. -
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Early National Period
Separation of Church and State, 10th Amendment, and Land Ordinance of 1785 were most affecting aspects of this period. -
Land Ordinance of 1785
Federal government establishes a role for itself in public education, setting aside public finances for schools. -
Period: to
Common School Period
"Age of the Common Man," defined by election of Andrew Jackson and expansion. Expansion included dramatic increase in land area, and equally dramatic increase in population, including 4 million immigrants. States and local governments taxed directly to support public schools. State education departments organized schools by grade level and standardized the curriculum. By 1865, 50% of American Children were enrolled in public schools. 28 of 35 states had established boards of education. -
English Classical School
Focused on needs of boys not going to college -
Creation of first Normal School
Normal schools were 2 year schools to prepare primary school teachers. -
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Contributions of Horace Mann
Secretary of Massachusetts State Board 1837-1848 Doubled state appropriations
Built 50 new secondary schools
Increased teacher salaries by 50% -
Nation's First Compulsory Attendance Law
Massachusetts passes first compulsory State Attendance Law under Horace Mann. 32 states would follow by 1900. -
Last State Eliminates Parental Payment for Elementary School.
New Jersey, the last state to do so, eliminates parental payment for primary education -
Native American: Bording Schools.
U.S. government begins building boarding schools. -
Committee of Ten
Created standards and methods for high school -
African Americans: Failed Challenge to Separate but Equal
Plessy v Ferguson was a challenge to Separate but Equal over segregated railroads that then set precedent for almost 6 decades. -
Native Americans: Boarding Schools a Failure
Only 300 of 5000 eligible Navajo children attended in 1901, and many of those later quit or ran away. -
Asian Americans: Segregated Schools
San Francisco establishes segregated schools for Asian Americans. -
First Junior High Opens
First junior high opens in Columbus, Ohio. -
Commission on the Reorganization of Secondary Education
Created Cardinal Principles of Education, including applied goals in health and civic education -
Spread of Junior Highs
800 junior highs open, following example of Columbus, Ohio -
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Native American: Greater Control
National reports and federal legislation provide Native Americans with greater control over education. -
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Modern Era of Education
Schools become instruments of national purpose and social change. -
African Americans: End of Segregated Schools
Brown v Board of Education of Topeka ended Separate but Equal. -
African American: Eisenhower Sends Troops to Little Rock
President Eisenhower sends troops to enforce desegregation in Little Rock to allow nine African American students to attend school in safety. -
Declaration of War on Poverty
In his State of the Union address to create a "Great Society," President Lyndon Johnson declared "unconditional war on poverty." -
Native American: Tribal Schools
Added Native American culture to the curriculum. -
Head Start founded
A federal compensatory designed to help 3- to 5- year old disadvantaged children. -
Native American: Indian Education Act
Indian Education Act establishes Office of Indian Education. -
Gender Equity Enforcement.
Title IX of Education Amendments of 1972 requires that people can not be discriminated on the basis of sex. -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
Congress passed Public Law 94-142 requires free and appropriate public education for all, including those with exceptionalities. -
Creation of Department of Education
Education was considered so important that it was split from the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare and elevated to its own cabinet position in Carter's administration. -
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Hispanic Americans: Fastest Growing Minority Group
Hispanic Americans are the largest and fastest growing minority group, doubling in size. -
Native Americans: Languages Act
Native American Languages Act protects the languages and cultures of Native Americans -
Senate Votes to designate English as the National Language.
Senate votes to designate English as the National Language 63 to 34.
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