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509 BCE
Roman Empire 27 BCE - 476 CE
Roman empire ends with Christianity overlapping time periods -
1450
Johann Gutenberg and the Gutenberg Printing Press pt.2
Gutenberg moves to Strasbourg
Recruited other craftsman from Strasbourg guild
Set up a business in a hamlet outside Strasbourg to prevent spying
Mirrors for pilgrims
Black death happens again
Partnerships began to collapse
However, work still continued
Worked with Hans Dunn
Worked with typography to get the desired look of the letter and try out different designs -
1450
Johann Gutenberg pt.3
Gutenberg’s original model is like an illuminated manuscript
Latin Inscription Carved
Manuscripts are largely written in Latin at the time
The notion of being an educated person being changed
Studying Roman texts and looking at inscriptions and other Roman artifacts
All Roman texts handwritten
Inscriptions in marble
Roman letters are simplified
Becomes the foundation for the first published script -
1450
Johann Gutenberg and the Gutenberg Printing Press
Johann Gutenberg made the printing press 500 years ago
Gutenberg Bible one of the first books made use the printing press
Originally only printed one page at a time
Born in Mainz, Germany
Likely born close to 1400
Likely studied at a university
Not much concrete evidence is known about Gutenberg
Hand-copied Bibles were expensive and hard to make
People recognized the usefulness for easily printed and distributed books
Wine presses, Gutenberg’s press may have evolved from these -
1500
Renaissance Movement (14th - 16th century)
The era where artists revived art styles from Greek and Roman design.
Widely considered the golden age of art.
Michelangelo
Artists were expected to be able to work with other mediums
Michelangelo was primarily a sculpture but was commissioned by the church to do a painting. He later worked with architecture.
Guilds and Academies
Mainstream art what nobility wanted
Idealized genre paintings
Main materials are stone and bronze
Demand for small scale decorative works and are made with ceramics -
Pierre Simon Fournier (September 15, 1712 - October 8, 1768)
King’s Roman 1742 (Serif Font)
Really when typography was born
Came up with a system of design
Standardized using the grid -
Rococo
A style originating in France in the 18th century, elegant decorations are popular within the fine arts. -
John Baskerville(1707-1775)
Develops his own serif font
Baskerville font
He was a stone cutter and carved slates.
Saw the commercial opportunity and made himself prosperous by selling japanware
Hard to identify his products
1747 Baskerville leased 8 acres of land for workshops and family home
Baskerville made England a leader in the printing business
Became fed up with printing, didn’t make much money
1764 Temporarily retired
Came back and printed classics between 1770 - 1775
Largely disliked among other typographers -
Porcelain gains popularity
Porcelain has become very popular in England. Often wanted by nobility. However, it is only made in China and is often very expensive. This leads to porcelain look-alikes that are more inexpensive and made available to the growing middle class. Accommodates the growing tea export business leading to a boom in popularity. -
Adam Smith (1723-1790)
Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of The Wealth of Nations
Is against mercantilism
Talks about the division of labor -
Josiah Wedgwood (July 12, 1730 - January 3, 1795)
A British entrepreneur and potter. Not trying to make porcelain
Needs to look high-end
Trying to meet demands
Produce ceramics using factories
Invests capital in increasing producing
Standardization & Customization
Basic shapes are offered
Door-to-door salesman that presents wares
Sells to the growing middle-class -
Popularity of Greek and Roman Design (Mid to late 18th century)
Eruption of Mt Vesuvius 79 CE
Ash preserved objects impressions, buildings, metal, and other objects
Excavations of Pompeii and Herculaneum, 16th - 18th Centuries
Greek 5th century BCE -
Napoleon Bonaparte rules France 1799-1814
Empire Style
More opulent,imperial, very gold
Similar to roman empire
France associated with abuses
Confiscate great works of art
Take art from the Vatican
Napoleon associated with war atrocities -
Karl Friedrich Schinkel(1781-1841)
Known as an architect
Revival of Gothic style
Early 19th century, looking at what makes gothic, gothic
Very 19th-century structures -
Neoclassicism(1780s - 1840s)
Associated with the growing popularity of Ancient Greece and Rome.
Began after excavations of places like Pompeii began.
Focuses on symmetry and simplicity. -
British Industrial Revolution
A large boom in manufacturing had positive side effects for many businesses at the sacrifice of their workers, who were often mistreated and paid very little. -
Gothic Revival
A revival of the Gothic architectural style. A popular style and was primarily used for religious buildings for worship. People worked for generations on a project, a sign of commitment to religion.
Gothic, used as a celebration of history and religion, has a spiritual quality.
Gothic revival incorporated gothic into structures that didn’t originally exist during the time period, an example being the Big Ben clock. -
Augustus Pugin(1812-1852)
Unity of design to promote social harmony
Respect for materials and craftsmanship
Balance between utility and beauty
Christian architecture
Advocates for return to materials and attention to detail
Augustus Pugin Contrasts,1832
Thinks the past is better
Talks about abuses in modern society
Georgian architecture
Pugin saw it as an abomination because of politics
1836 published Contrasts telling his problems with modern society
Shows Britain in the Middle Ages as the idealized time -
George Myers(1803–1875)
Helped build and was well respected
Believes a building should be honest
Believes it is a question of morality
Everything should be made with full effort and principles
Had no interest in his reputation, which contributed to why he was largely forgotten
Plunged into depression, faced momentary blackouts
The building was an act of faith, he believed it was how catholicism should be
Designed the Big Ben Tower
Didn’t live to see his design built
Passed away in 1852 -
1849 Exposition of Products of National Agricultural and Manufacturing Industries, Paris
Popularizes expositions in different countries, as a way to show growth. -
Henry Cole (1808-1882)
Had many innovations in commerce, a widely known one being the invention of the christmas card. -
Crystal Palace Exhibition
First International Exposition
National Interest in Product Design
International Competition - International Understanding of Design Trends
Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations(Crystal Palace Exhibition)
Royal Sponsor: Prince Albert
May-October 1851
Hyde Park, London
More than 100,000 objects
More than 14,000 exhibitors
More than 6 million visitors(⅓ of population of Britain) -
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec(1864-1901)
A painter and illustrator who popularized using posters as a way of advertisement. Associated with the beginnings of Graphic Design and how pieces were laid out. -
Art Nouveau
An art movement that focused on modernizing design. Had an aesthetic focused on the natural world. -
1893 World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago
First electrified exposition
Ferris Wheel