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Plessy v. Ferguson
This U.S. Supreme Court case held the constitutionality of segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine. It started from an 1892 incident in which an African-American train passenger Homer Plessy refused to sit in a Jim Crow car, breaking the Louisiana law. -
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Thurgood Marshall
Thurgood Marshall was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, serving from October 1967 until October 1991. Marshall was the Court's 96th justice and its first African-American justice. -
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People is an African-American civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909 by Moorfield Storey, Mary White Ovington and W. E. B. Du Bois. -
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Rosa Parks
Rosa Louise McCauley Parks was an African American civil rights activist, whom the United States Congress called "the first lady of civil rights" and "the mother of the freedom movement". -
Race Riots
The Chicago race riot of 1919 was a major racial conflict that began in Chicago, Illinois on July 27, 1919. During the riot, thirty-eight people died and over five hundred were injured. -
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Malcolm X
Malcolm X was an American Muslim minister and human rights activist. -
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Dr. Martin Luther King
Martin Luther King, Jr. was an American Baptist minister, activist, humanitarian, and leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. -
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Emmett Till
Emmett Louis Till was an African-American teenager who was lynched in Mississippi at the age of 14 after reportedly flirting with a white woman. -
De jure v De Facto segregation
Segregation in schools that weren't approved by law. -
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
A U.S Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional. -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
A political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama. -
Little Rock School Integration
The Desegregation of Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, when Governor Orval Faubus mobilized the Arkansas National Guard in an effort to prevent nine African American students from integrating the high school. -
The Sit-Ins
The Sit-Ins were a series of nonviolent protests. -
Freedom Rides
Civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated southern U.S. in 1961 to challenge the non-enforcement of the U.S. Supreme Court decisions Irene Morgan v. Commonwealth of Virginia and Boynton v. Virginia, which ruled that segregated public buses were unconstitutional. -
March on Birmingham, Alabama
This march was attempted by over 1000 African American students into downtown Birmingham from Selma, Alabama. Over a hundred of those teens were arrested. -
March on Washington
Organized by a number of civil rights and religious groups, the event was designed to shed light on the political and social challenges African Americans continued to face across the country. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a landmark piece of civil rights legislation in the United States that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin -
March from Selma to Montgomery for voting rights
The three Selma to Montgomery marches in 1965 were part of the Voting Rights Movement underway in Selma, Alabama. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
A law passed at the time of the civil rights movement. It eliminated various devices, such as literary tests, that had traditionally been used to restrict voting by black people. -
24th Amendment
Prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax. -
Black Panther Party
The Black Panther Party or BPP was a revolutionary black nationalist and socialist organization active in the United States from 1966 until 1982, with its only international chapter operating in Algeria from 1969 until 1972.
