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Plessy v. Ferguson
Plessy v. Ferguson was an 1896 U.S. Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine. Homer Plessy was arrested for refusing to sit in a car for blacks. John H. Ferguson was the judge. The case was challenged in the Supreme Court that it conflicted with the 13th and 14th Amendments. -
NAACP
The mission of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People is to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate race-based discrimination. -
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka was a landmark 1954 Supreme Court case in which the justices ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional. Was a cornerstone of the civil rights movement. -
Rosa Parks
By refusing to give up her seat to a white man on a Montgomery, Alabama, city bus, black seamstress Rosa Parks helped initiate the civil rights movement in the United States. Parks became a nationally recognized symbol of dignity and strength in the struggle to end entrenched racial segregation. -
Emmett Till
Emmett Louis Till was a 14-year-old African-American who was lynched in Mississippi in 1955, after a white woman said she was offended by him in her family's grocery store. -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a civil rights movement where African Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama. The goal was to protest against segregating seating arrangements .Protesters was mainly African American protesting for equal rights. -
Little Rock School Integration
The Little Rock Nine were a group of nine black students who enrolled at formerly all-white Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, in September 1957. The first day pf classes the governor Orval Faubus called in the Arkansas National Guard to block the black students’ entry into the high school. -
Sit-Ins.
The Greensboro sit-in was a civil rights protest that started in 1960, when young African-American students staged a sit-in at a segregated Woolworth’s lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, and refused to leave after being denied service. -
Freedom Rides
Freedom Riders were groups of white and African American civil rights activists who participated in Freedom Rides, bus trips through the American South in 1961 to protest segregated bus terminals. The groups were confronted by arresting police officers as well as horrific violence from white protestors along their routes but also drew international attention to their cause. -
Thurgood Marshall
Thurgood Marshall was a U.S. Supreme Court justice and civil rights advocate. Marshall earned an important place in American history. he guided the litigation that destroyed the legal underpinnings of Jim Crow segregation. -
24th Amendment
The 24th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America abolished the poll tax for all federal elections. A poll tax was a tax of anywhere from one to a few dollars that had to be paid annually by each voter in order to be able to cast a vote. American were unhappy with poll tax. -
March on Washington
Was a massive protest march, 250,000 people gathered in front of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. The event aimed to draw attention to continuing challenges and inequalities faced by African Americans a century after emancipation. It was also the occasion of Martin Luther King, Jr.’s now-iconic “I Have A Dream” speech. -
March on Birmingham, Alabama
In the spring of 1963, activists in Birmingham, Alabama launched one of the most influential campaigns of the Civil Rights Movement. It would be the beginning of a series of lunch counter sit-ins, marches on City Hall and boycotts on downtown merchants to protest segregation laws in the city. -
Dr. Martin Luther King
Martin Luther King who played a key role in the American civil rights movement from the mid-1950s until his assassination in 1968.Just like Gandhi, Thoreau, Randolph... King used non aggressive tactics to accomplish what they wanted which was equal rights. MLK used marches to spread awarness, also he expanded his fame through his speech "I Have Dream". -
Malcom X
Malcolm X, an activist and outspoken public voice of the Black Muslim faith, challenged the mainstream civil rights movement and the nonviolent pursuit of integration championed by Martin Luther King Jr. He urged followers to defend themselves against white aggression “by any means necessary.” -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
The Civil Rights Act of 1964, which ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin, is considered one of the crowning legislative achievements of the civil rights movement. Proposed by President John F. Kennedy, it survived strong opposition from southern members of Congress and was then signed into law by Kennedy’s successor, Lyndon B. Johnson. -
March from Selma to Montgomery for voting rights.
The Selma to Montgomery march was part of a series of civil-rights protests that occurred in 1965. The goal was to enable black Americans voting ability. Took 3 days to achieve their goal. The historic march, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’s participation in it, raised awareness of the difficulties faced by black voters, and the need for a national Voting Rights Act. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
The Voting Rights Act of 1965, signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote. -
De jure vs De Facto Segregation
De facto is segregation that exists by practice and custom. De Jure is segregation by law. De facto occurred after segregation laws were ruled unconstitutional, how some white people still disagreed with everyone being equal. -
Black Panther Party
The Black Panther Party's core practice was its armed citizens' patrols to monitor the behavior of officers of the Oakland Police Department and challenge police brutality in Oakland, California. In 1969, community social programs became a core activity of party members. -
Race Riots
By the 1960's decades of racial, economic, and political forces, which generated inner city poverty, resulted in "race riots" within minority areas in cities across the United States. The beating and rumored death of cab driver John Smith by police, sparked the 1967 Newark riots. Riots against the black race were very violent, the little rock event sparked multiple riots.
