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The publication of Nicholas Copernicus's work describing a Heliocentric Universe as opposed to the popular Catholic Church belief of a Geocentric Universe.
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The work by Galileo descibes his findings as he searched the sky with a telescope. His findings would revolutionize science and eventually find him in hot water with the Catholic Church
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In 1633 Galileo was brought before the Roman Inquisition to stand trial against his defense of Nicolas Copernicus's Heliocentric theory, a theory that was spurned by the Catholic Church. During the "trial" Galileo was found "vehemently suspect of heresy" and forced into house arrest for the remainder of his life. The Church stood on the position that the bible stated the Earth did not move. Famously (and most likely inaccurately) Galileo uttered the famous phrase "And yet it moves."
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Sir Isaac Newton outlines his most famous work when he describes his 3 Laws of Motion, all of which are still in use in physics today.