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Period: Jan 1, 1300 to
The Renaissance
The renaissance began in Italy. In there, it grew and eventually spread throughout Northern Europe. It was divided into two parts: in north, it was the Northern Renaissance which began in Florence, Italy, and in south, it was the Italian Renaissance. -
Jan 1, 1418
Prince Henry’s School founded
In 1418, he started the first school for oceanic navigation with an astronomical observatory at Sagres, Portugal, and people there were trained in navigation, map-making, and science, in order to sail down the west of Africa. -
May 29, 1453
Fall of Constantinople
It was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire, it occurred after under the command of Sultan Mehmed II by the Ottoman Empire, against the defending army commanded by Emperor Constantine XI. -
Jan 1, 1481
Peak of Ottoman Empire
It achieved the power of the wealth, which is what followed the reign of Mehmed II, it achieved the peak of its power and wealth. -
Oct 12, 1492
Columbus discovered America
On October 12, 1492, a sailor looked out to the sky from the bow of the Pinta, and saw land. After 10 weeks at the port of Palos, at Spain, Columbus and his crews saw the new world. The next day, 90 crew members from Columbus's fleet set foot on Guanahani and planted the flag for King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain. -
Oct 15, 1492
Tobacco introduced to Europe
It all started just when Columbus landed in the Americas. He wrote in his diary, on October 15th 1492, that he observed an Indian sailing in a canoe with water, food, and tobacco leaves. It spread among the Spanish colonists. During the 16th century, tobacco use spread throughout all of Europe. It arrived in France in 1556, Portugal in 1558, Spain in 1559, and in England in 1565. -
Jun 7, 1494
Treaty of Tordesillas
It was an agreement between Spain and Portugal which was aimed at settling conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by Christopher Columbus and other voyagers. It created the imaginary line splitting New World, in which Spain is in the west while Portugal is in the east. And as a result, Central and most of South America becomes Spanish colonies, while Brazil becomes Portuguese colony -
May 20, 1498
Vasco da Gama finds water route around the tip of Africa
He sailed from Lisbon in 1497 on a mission to reach India and open a sea route from Europe to the East. After sailing down the tip of Africa and around the Cape of Good Hope, his expedition made multiple stops in Africa before reaching Calicut, India. Then he went on a second expedition to India in 1502, and then 2 decades later, he returned to India, and at last, he died of an illness in late 1524 after he fought with the Muslims -
Jan 1, 1507
Mona Lisa finished
Mona Lisa was Leonardo's favourite painting, it was then sold to the King of France for 4,000 gold crowns, then it was transferred to the Louvre. He was also doing sketches of the plant life and nature. -
Jan 1, 1509
Erasmus' Praise of Folly
Erasmus learned of Italian Humanism from printed materials, he was interested in early Christian culture, but he argued for a return to a simpler version of Christianity. He wrote the Praise of Folly for the purpose of amusing Thomas More. It was openly critical of the Catholic Church and it criticized practices such as fasting and pilgrimages -
Oct 31, 1517
95 Theses
Martin Luther was a Catholic monk in HRE, he did not approve of how church was being run, he began developing own set of teachings and beliefs, the 95 Theses are the list of issues with Catholic Church and it said that people can receive salvation through faith alone. -
Aug 13, 1521
Cortez conquered the Aztecs
Tenochtitlan fell on August 13, 1521, just when Cortez attacked the capital of the Aztecs. Cortez extended the conquest by sending expeditions over most of Mexico and into North Central America, then at last in 1524-1526, he went himself to Honduras, killing Cuauhtemoc, the Aztec emperor, in the course of the expedition -
Sep 6, 1522
Magellan circumnavigates the globe
He was the first person to circumnavigate the world/globe. The country that Magellan set sail for was Spain. The route he took was across the Atlantic Ocean, down the east coast of South America, and then north west to Borneo. The reason his voyage is significant is because he died during the expedition and didn't see the outcome. -
Jan 1, 1526
Start of the Mughal Empire
It is a Muslim Dynasty of Turkic -Mongol origin that ruled most of Northern India from the early 16th to mid-18th century. It was notable for more than 2 centuries of effective rule over much of India, for its ability of rulers. -
Aug 29, 1533
Pizarro conquers the Incans
He executed Atahualpa on August 29, 1533, then she went on to capture the Incan capital of Cuzco. And at last he founded Peru in 1535, and became it's governor. Pizarro was one of the key figures in Spanish expansion into the New World. -
Nov 3, 1534
Anglican Church started
It is also known as the Church of England, it was begun by King Henry VIII, it broke with Catholicism over issue of divorce. King Henry VIII becomes leader of Anglican Church, Monarch becomes supreme leader of Anglican Church with the Act of Supremacy under Elizabeth I -
Jan 1, 1543
Copernicus published heliocentric theory
It positioned the Sun near the center of the Universe, motionless, with Earth and the other planets rotating around it in circular paths modified by epicycles and at uniform speeds. It places Earth at the center of the Universe, and is often regarded as the launching point to modern astronomy and the Scientific Revolution. -
Period: Dec 13, 1545 to Dec 4, 1563
The Council of Trent
It defined official Catholic positions, reinforced doctrine and ceremonies. It is reckoned by the Roman Catholic Church to be the Nineteenth Ecumenical Council of the universal church. It was held in the Italian city of Trent -
defeat of the Spanish Armada
The rivalry between Spain and England grew throughout the late 16th century. In the 1570s and 1580s, Sir Francis Drake led attacks on Spanish vessels and raided Spanish settlements in the Americas. In 1588, Spain's King Philip II ordered a naval invasion of England. On August 8, the fighting culminated in the Battle of Gravelines, in which the English navy decisively defeated the Armada. -
Shakespeare's Julius Caesar
It was written in 1599.The first performance was probably on June 12th 1599, at the opening of the Globe Theatre, and it was first published in 1623 -
Galileo's telescope invented
He made enhancements to the telescope, developing a model that could magnify up to 32x. The place where he debuted his telescope was on Venice. With it, he was able to observe all of Jupiter's moons, the Milky Way, and the topography of the moon. -
Period: to
Thirty Years War
It began when Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II of Bohemia attempted to curtail the religious activities of his subjects, sparking rebellion among Protestants. Some religious issues retained political importance after 1648, and they no longer dominated international alignments -
William Harley discovered the circulation of blood
On his return from Italy in 1602, he established himself as a physician. His career was helped by his marriage to Elizabeth Browne, the daughter of Elizabeth I's physician, in 1604. From 1607 to 1609, he became a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and was appointed physician. In 1618, he became physician to Elizabeth's successor James I and to James' son Charles when he became king. -
Descartes’ Discourse on Method
Rene Descartes was a philosopher and mathematician and felt everything should be questioned by developing a philosophy of questioning and reasoning way to answers which was the Discourse on Method and the quote was "I think, therefore I am". -
Taj Mahal was built
It's a famous mausoleum in India, it contains burial chambers (tombs) for the dead, it's located in Agra, a city in the Uttar Pradesh region of Northern India, it was built as the final resting place for Mumtaz Mahal, the name means crown of palaces, The construction started in 1632 and ended in 1653, it's made of white marble. -
Newton's laws of gravity
Isaac Newton published Philosophiae Naturalis Principa Mathematica, or Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. On those, he proposed his laws of motion that laid the foundation for classical mechanics. He also established a mathematical priniciple using the inverse square law to explain his Law of Universal Gravitation, and thus the motion of the planets and their moons, including our own.
