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Roman Emperor of East defeated by Roman Emperor of the West, Constantine (first Christian emperor); Byzantium renamed Constantinople & built up by Constantine.
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Constantinople considered capital of Byzantine Empire after Rome falls
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Constantinople further built up by Emperor Justinian I (e.g., Hagia Sophia, major Christian church; codification of Roman laws)
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city increasingly Greek in nature
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lays the foundation for the establishment and spread of Islam
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many Arab (Muslim) sieges of city; Byzantine Empire shrunken
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Muslim bookmakers begin printing the Qur'an and volumes of poetry and prose. Islam and the Arabic language spread dramatically
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Muslims begin using water power for making paper, and constructing canals for transportation and irrigation.
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Islamic culture flourishes as the Golden Age of cooperation between Jews and Muslims in medieval Spain promotes creativity in art, literature, and science.
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city and empire hurt by Crusades
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A schism, a break leads to two separate Christian churches: Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox
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The Great Schism- break between Rome (papacy) and Constantinople (Greek Orthodox)
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William the Conqueror introduces feudalism to England
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Muslims begin using water power for making paper, and constructing canals for transportation and irrigation.
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city taken by Crusaders
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King John puts his seal to the Magna Carta- the first limit on the King's absolute power is established
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Byzantine land in Asia taken by Ottoman Turks
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city of Constantinople taken by Ottoman Turks (Mehmet, or Muhammad, II); renamed Istanbul, made capital of Ottoman Empire, and revived as center of learning and religious tolerance.
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The Spanish conquer Granada, the last Muslim-held city in Spain, after a centuries-long effort to reassert Christian control there.
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under Sultan Suleiman I, city at its height
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The Scholars in Charlemagne's schools begin to write with lowercase letters.
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Byzantium named by Roman Emperor Diocletian as a new center of Roman
Empire with power split between Rome (West) and Byzantium (East) -
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glory of city regained under Emperor Basil I; revival of learning (art and literature: older Greek models); major invasion by Turks
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