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Period: to
Bohemian Phase
Calvanists depose Catholic Archduke Ferdinand II; replace him with Palatinate Elector Frederick V -
Defenestration of Prague
Protestants throw three Catholic government officials from a windowGenerally considered the start of the Thirty Years' War -
Coronation of Frederick V as King of Bohemia
Bohemian Protestants rebelled against Catholic Ferdinand II and replaced him with Frederick V, a Calvanist -
Battle of White Mountain
Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II defeats Palatine Elector and Protestant Union head Frederick V at the Battle of White MountainFrederick, called "the Winter King" because of his short reign, lost control of Palatine and lived in exile until 1632. He declined an offer to return to Palatine under Swedish control with equal rights for Lutherans -
French-Dutch Alliance
Cardinal Richelieu obtains Treaty of Compiègne between France and The Netherlands.France subsidizes Dutch war effort against Spain in the Dutch War of Independence (1568–1648)Shows French effort to undermine the Habsburg Empire. -
Period: to
Danish Phase
Lutheran King of Denmark (who was also the Duke of Holstein) leads troops into Northern Germany against Catholic Ferdinand IIFerdinand won allies to repel the attack and occupy HolsteinFerdinand II withdrew when King of Denmark agreed to stay out of Germany -
Period: to
Swedish Phase
Lutheran King of Sweden attacks deep into Germany; killed in battle; Sweden driven from southern Germany in 1634 -
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Period: to
Franco-Swedish Phase
Cardinal Richelieu wanted Alsace, so the Catholic French supported the Lutheran Swedes against the Catholic German and Spanish HabsburgsPolitics becoming more important than religion?France emerged as most powerful European state; the age of French abolutism was at hand -
Peace of Prague
Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II and most Protestant states reach treaty creating a single army of the Holy Roman EmpireFrance remained concerned with the power of the Hapsburgs and entered the warThe "peace" is internal to the Holy Roman Empire -
Cardinal Richelieu Dies
Henry Kissinger, a Harvard history professor before becoming U.S. Secretary of State, notes in "Diplomacy" that Richelieu helped transform international relations by putting national interest above religious interest -- leading Catholic France against the Catholic Hapsburgs -
Treaty of Westphalia
Series of Peace Treaties Ending the Thirty Years' War Calvinism added to list of religions from which German states could chooseFrance won part of Alsace (Remember Alsace)300 HRE states able to conduct their own foreign policyEmperor consigned to chartering universities and granting titles of nobility -
Map of Europe after Treaty of Westphalia - and the Future
Note more than 300 German states, compared to unified France, Spain, and EnglandThe contrast between German states and other monarchies stemming from the Thirty Years' War is an important factor in analyzing subsequent developments in Prussia, Brandenburg, and eventually the German state itself Source for all images: Wikimedia Commons
