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  founded by the Soninke people.
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  476: Constantinople considered capital of Byzantine Empire after Rome falls.
 527+: Constantinople further built up by Emperor Justinian I (e.g., Hagia Sophia, major Christian church; codification of Roman Laws)
 565- 866 (span) city increasingly Greek in nature
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  lays the foundation for the establishment and spread of Islam.
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  lays the foundation for the establishment and spread of Islam
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  many Arab (Muslim) sieges of city ; Byzantine Empire shrunken
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  Islamic culture flourishes as the Golden Age of cooperation between Jews and Muslims in Medieval Spain promotes creativity in art, literature, and science.
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  Muslims begin using water for making paper, and constructing canals for transporting irrigation.
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  Muslim bookmarkers begin printing the qur'an and volumes of poetry and prose. Islam and the Arabic language spread dramtically.
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  African Muslims called Almaravids battled with non- Muslims.
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  Muslims begin using water power for making paper, and constructing canals for transporting irrigation.
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  city and empire hurt by Crusades 1204: city taken by Crusaders
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  ...took over old Ghanna Empire.
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  Sundiata's army defeats Sumanguru's . New empire of MAli is Created.
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  14th century (span): Byzantine land in Asia taken by Ottoman Turks
 1453: city of Constantinople taken by Ottoman Turks (Mehmet, or Muhammad, II); renamed Istanbul, made capital of Ottoman Empire, and revived as center of learning and religious tolerance.
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  The spanish conquer Granada, the last Muslim-held city in spain, after a centuries-long effort to reassert Christian control there.
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  One of three great african trading empires.
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  under Sultan Suleiman I, city at its height
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  glory of city regained under Emperor Basil I; revival of learning (art and literature: older Greek models); major invasion by Turks 1054: The Great Schism- break between Rome (papacy) and Constantinople (Greek Orthodox)
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  293: Byzantium named by Roman Emperor Dioclatain as a new center of Roman Empire with power split between Rome (west) and Byzantium (east).
 324: Roman Emperor of East defeated by Roman Emperor of the West, Constatine (first Christian emperor); Byzantium renamed Constantinople & built up by Constantine.