History Homework

sedentarisation

Sep 15, 1000

12000BCE
Sedentarisation started in something called the Fertile Crescent which is modern day Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and Iraq. It is called the Fertile Crescent because of its geographical formation and the richness of its soil. From this place emerged sedentary societies which were nomadic and decided to stay in one place instead of always moving. These people made great discoveries because they stayed in the same place and they took the time to observe their surroundings.

sedentarization

Period: Sep 15, 1000 to Sep 15, 1040

Agriculture

Sep 15, 1010

10000BCE
The sedentary people discovered that plants and fields can be cultivated for food. With this these people discovered that if the seeds were planted they could get desired food for the year. Then these foods would be cultivated and the extra food would be used to make clothes and fabric to make huts. But farming and hunting were two different things so not everyone would get to go hunt some people had to stay to cultivate when others went hunting.

Technology

Sep 15, 1020

9000BCE
After the creation of new tools for agriculture the sedentary people discovered metallurgy which is a way to make tools out of metal instead of rock. So they used these new techniques to make new tools for hunting also for almost everything else.

Domestic animals

Sep 15, 1030

11000BCE
Human being realized that they could domesticate animals that ate grain. So the men captured herds of animals and kept them in enclosures near where they lived. Some animals like cows were domesticated for milk and food, dogs for hunting and to guard the herds.
During the fourth Millennium human being started to use Horses and Donkeys for work and to transport merchandise such as waved wool from sheeps, rabbits, and llamas, to make clothes.

Population

Sep 15, 1040

8000BCE-4000BCE
With the living conditions improved the life expectancy which was about thirty-years old increased. This had an impact on the demography. In time the sedentary civilization increased and formed larger communities. And the words population increased from 5 million people in 8000 BCE to 90 millions in 4000 BCE.

Mesopotamia

Period: Sep 17, 1050 to Sep 17, 1090

The Birth of great civilizations

Oct 5, 1050

4000 BCE
The Mesopotamian civilization took root in two major rivers: Known as the Euphrates and the Tigris rivers. This area is a fertile area so this may be the cause of the development of the Mesopotamian civilization in this precise area. This area is part of the Fertile Crescent that was exactly were humanity developed. So it is very probable that the Mesopotamians were non nomadic or that they just stayed in the same place.

Fertile Valley civilization-From Yesterday to tomorow

Sep 25, 1060

4000Bce
the four main civilizations at the time had one main thing in common. they all emerged near larged valleys crossed by major rivers. the river would flood the feilds when the water returned to the river the feilds were filled with sedements that fertilized the soil. these civilizations were called (fertile valley civilizations).

the begginings of writing- from yesterday to tomorow

Sep 15, 1070

3300 BCE
the first type of writing was called cuniform writing wich was used to record the stocks for farmers. in 1400BCE the Mesopotamian Alphabet arrived. it had 22 letters which each represented a sound which made word by combining those letters. writing made it easier for recording things like the amount of people there are in the Civilization and how much food there is and what type of food. Writing is still used today so it wasn't unnesesary to invent writing.

Code of law and Justice

Oct 25, 1080

4000BCE
The King Hammurabi of Babylon ordered to ingrave a code of law on stele. the fist law code ever created in history. scribes made copies of the law. the law that Hammurabi stated was that the strong must not oppress the weak. it contained 282 articles of law based on values. they covered all aspects of daily lif, such as agricultural and craft work, property, business, family and cases of theft and violence . the code also prescribded punishments. such as an eye for an eye.

Power and social Hierarchy

Oct 25, 1090

4000BCE
In the Mesopotamian civilization the king was at the top he is chosen by a council of elders .after numorus wars between the various cities the strongest warlords would become kings. over time the royal power was passed from father to son the king would surrond himself with a class of nobles made up of relitives and important priests, palace officials and army leaders. the king and his nobles owned most of the land in the cities.

Territory of of mountains and seas

Oct 28, 1100

800 BCE
The greek peninsula homeland of the greek civilization is surrounded by four different seas. the Aegean sea wich is off the northern coast of Athens, the sea of crete which obviously is of the northern coast of the island of crete but it is also located to the south of Athens there is the Ionian sea wich is off the western coast of Olmpia and last but not least the Mediteranian sea which surrounds all of the other oceans. But Greece is also surrounded by hundreds of smaller islands.

Athenian Democracy

Period: Oct 28, 1100 to Oct 28, 1140

Battle fo marathon-From Yesterday toTomorrow

Oct 28, 1110

490BCE
A powerful persian army landed on the land of marathon near Athens. the Athenian hoplites (foot soldiers) were outnumbered five to one by the persian archers however the Greek footsoldiers had the advantage of being trained to fight in organized formations and they knew the terrain so they assulted with force and cane out victorious.

The Battle of salamis

Oct 28, 1120

480BCE
Ten years after the battle of Marathon the Persians attempted to take possetion of the Greek empire once again. but this time the spartans faught the persians on land and the athenians waited for them in water with 200 Triremes. aTririme is a three storey easily manouverable warship. this ship has three storeys of rowers and soldiers on the deck. because of these ships and the spartan army the Persians lost the Battle of Salamis

Games and Truce

Oct 28, 1130

776BCE
Since the begining of the olympic Games greek cities agreed to create a time of free truce durring the games so once every four years there was a period of truce between the Greek cities. but the period of truce wasn't only for the olympic games it was also to honour the gods so there were no wars which the greeks thaught it made the gods happy. since then tthis period has ended but the olympic games are continuing.

Athens and it inhabitents

Oct 28, 1140

500BCE
during this period of the Greek empire there were aproximatly 290000 inhabitants. 130 000 were citizens and their families of Athens, 40 000 were Metics and their families, and around 120000 were slaves. Metics were foreigners who came to live in Athens for many reasons but they did not have the right to partisipate in political life even if they were forced to fulfill their Military life. These people unlike the sitizens didn't own a land.

An Ideal location

Oct 29, 1150

300BCE
Rome is located on the left center side of the Italian boot. the boot is located between four Major oceans, The Mediteranian sea which the romans call Mare Nostrum (our sea) the Adriatic sea, the Tyrrhenian sea and the Ionic sea. at the farther most end of the Italian boot is a wall of mountains called the alps. The city of rome was build in a type of natural fortress 1,because the alps make a wall for intruders and 2,because the oceans force the ennemy to use ship which are easily sunk.

Roman State

Period: Oct 29, 1150 to Oct 29, 1190

From city to empire

Oct 29, 1160

753BCE
the city of rome was founded with its first inhabitants in the terretories with the etruscans tho the north near corsica with the Carthaginians (including sardinia) with the greeks in the south.
In the 600BCE Rome was begining to emerge in to a city like many in italy but this one was more organized compared to the other ones. After this expansion Rome set out to dominate italy.
In the 300BCE after a series of conquests the roman state acheived its objective (to rule all of Italy).

the expansion of the empire

Oct 29, 1170

264-146BCE
The roman empire's population was growing so the empire was forced to expand out of italy so they conquiored Greece,
and all around th Mediteranian sea.
by 133BCE the roman empire consisted of Constantinople,Brittan all the way to the Nile river including the Tigris and the Euphurate and most of Western Europe. It is obvious that it wasn't always peace but it stayed calm.

Julius Ceasar

Oct 29, 1180

49BCE
After conquoring Gaul Julias Ceasar (a powerful army General) was ordered to return to Rome and disband his army instead he decided to take power. For four years the roman empire was in a civil war Ceasar forced the senate to name him Dictator in 46BCE two years later In 44BCE He was named Dictator for life.As the undisputed Ruler of rome ceasar reorganized to empire he assisted the poor by giving them work or land and declared the terretories as property of the roman state. He was killed

Augustus The first Roman emperor

Oct 29, 1190

31bc
After Caesars death the power was shared between two Heirs: Marc Athony who was consult and Augustus Caesar's adoptive son.In 31Bce Octavian (Augustus) defeated his rival and became sole ruler of the roman empire. then in 27BCE the senate gave Octavian the prestigeous title of Augustus meaning (Chosen of the gods and master of the universe). then he beared that name Augustus is considered to be the first roman emperor. His reign lasted 44 years unil his death in 14CE

The Bith of Europe

Oct 29, 1200

476
By the end of the fifth century the roman empire colapsed without and emperor the western pertion fell in 476 meanwhile theeastern portion also known as the Bizantine Empire remain unified for nearly 1000 years. constantinople, the capital of the Bizantine Empire, became the new rome.

The Christianization of the West

Period: Oct 29, 1200 to Oct 29, 1240

The West And The East

Oct 29, 1210

In 312 Constantine becameEmperor of Rome. in the eastern portion of the Empire, the ancient city of Bizantiumwas renamed constantinople in 330 in honour of Constantine the great. during constantines reign Constantinople became wealthy and populated and became a dynamic city.
In the west people from the outer lands came to live in the terretories of the former Roman Empire. several small kingdoms were formed against a backdrop of the western fragmentation.The west continued for over a millenium

The structure and the power of the church

Oct 29, 1220

In the first century Palistine was under roman domination. some Jews rejected the idea and were looking forward to the arrival of the Messiah. it was in this contexte that jesus was born.
according to the Gospels, when he was around 30 years old , jesus surrounded himself with diciples who recognized him as the christ he would travel around Palestine proclameing he was the son of god sent to earth to save people from sin and to bring them eternal life.

Christianization of the west

Oct 29, 1230

In general the kings and lords asked their followers to convert to christanism. but some people governed a whole country asked their followers to convert the whole contry had to. so when King Clovis converted and this led to the christianisation of Gaul but some kings made a bigger change like when Charlemange converted he was named emperor by pope Leo III. as aresult the western part of the roman empire which was abandoned in the fifth century was re-established.

The churches Hierarchy

Oct 29, 1240

During the Midle ages the church was like the indian social system starting with the highest to the lowest in the roman chatholic church. At the top there is the Pope, the pope is the leader, then there are the cardinals who are the popes right hand, after there is the clergy. there are two types of clergy the secular clergy which conists of bishops and preists and there is the regular clergy which consists of Abbots and Monks. this is the structure of the roman catholic church.

An age of progress

Oct 29, 1250

In the Middle ages terretory was very important since the population depended on it for survival. the ones who owned land were assured wealth and power. as of the 11th century new farming techniques helped peasants and lords improve the productivity of their land which created surplus which could be sold or traded.

Growth of cities and trade

Period: Oct 29, 1250 to Oct 29, 1290

Cities multiply

Oct 29, 1260

Between the 11th and the 13th century the number of inhabitants doubled. in certain regeons in england the population even tripled. it began at the begining of the 11th century when people migrated from the countryside to the cities. this marked the start of urbanization in Europe. peasants abandoned farming and became artisans or merchants. this made the population multiply from 23 million people to over 50 million people in the cities. this blast mainly affected spain, then france and belgum.

Large scale commerce

Oct 29, 1270

Two important economic regions deeveloped in northern and the south. the south consisted of the Mediteranian and up to winchester when the north went all the way up to burgen and into the baltic sea. these created a trading network onland that went from city to city. this was an advantage for the Merchants because it made easier for them to find a boat to take them back home or a carrage.

The trade affaires and trade routes

Oct 29, 1280

A network of markets and fairs developed between Italy and many northern European cities providing Merchants with meeting places to trade goods. all these activities caused new cities to spring up and new cities ment new routes so these rally points made a big change for trade in Europe.

The instruments of commerce

Oct 29, 1290

During the 11 century there was a growth at large scale of economie. this gave rise to new needs .Merchants were involved in all kinds of transaction activity and were always looking for new ways to facilitate transactions.
a variety of metal coins came in to circulation to meet the demands of the large scale commerce.Mercantile cities ,rulers and lords made their own currencies. some associations also did well almost every group of people had their own currency.