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Dec 4, 771
Reign of King Charlemagne
Cause: When King Carloman I died Charlemagne became undisputed king. His reign over 43 years bought many successes to Christiendom.
Effect: One of Charlemagne's greatest initiations was the introduction of schools. He devised a plan that schools would be attached to the church and anyone, it didn't matter how rich or poor, could attend. -
Mar 13, 1001
Vikings set foot in America
Cause: In a bid to discover new land, the Vikings from Greenland ventured across the globe in a hope to discover new land. In the end they set foot in America, becoming the first Europeans to do so.
Effect: When the Vikings discovered America they set up a small colony in Newfoundland, hence the name! This happened 500 years before Columbus discovered America -
Oct 14, 1066
Battle of Hastings
Effect: The decisive battle in which William the Conqueror (Duke of Normandy) defeated Harold II's army and left England open for the Norman Conquest. Cause: Archives state that Harold Godwinson (King Harold II) claimed the throne shortly after King Edward died (January 1066). The Battle of Hastings was caused by the fact that Edward had verbally promised the title of king to William but when he died he left the throne to Harold instead. -
Apr 17, 1085
The Domesday Book
Cause: Nicknamed the 'Domesday' Book by the native English. After God's final Day of Judgement when every soul would be determined financial woes or success for the rest of the civillans life.
Effect: In its time, the Domesday Book was basically a book of taxes. The weilder would determine how financially stable someone was and how much tax they had to pay. -
Nov 27, 1095
The First Crusade
Effect: When Godfrey of Boullion declared himself King of Jerusalem the First Crusade officially ended. Christians came from all over Europe to celebrate their victory and the rededication of Jewish people.
Cause: Pope Urban II gave an important speech at the end of a church council in Clermont, France. In it he asked for the help of the Franks, to go to the East and assist their Christian allies against the attacks of the Muslim Turks and to free Jerusalem from the domination of Muslim Turks. -
Sep 2, 1192
The Third Crusade
Cause: The Third Crusade was organised when Jerusalem was captured by Salidin in 1187. King Richard then trekked through the holy to Jerusalem to make a treaty.
Effect: When King Richard signed a truce with Salidin that permitted Christians to enter Jerusalem. On Kimg Richard's return to England the Third Crusade officially. -
Jan 1, 1214
Mongols conquer Beijing
Cause: After the Mongolian army led by Gengis Khan was established in 1209, they decided to launch their first siege on the capital of China, Beijing. It was a huge success. Effect: This resulted in the Mongolians setting up numerous trading posts around China.
Soon after in 1215, the Mongols retaliated from a Chinease challenge and a boody and brutal battle followed. In the end the Mongolians came out on top and regained much needed trading items. -
Jul 9, 1271
The Corruption of the Silk Road
Cause: The "Silk Road" consisted of dozens of unpaved trade routes connecting Asia and India with Europe and the Mediterranean. Throughout the Middle Ages it served as the primary conduit for contact between East and West.
Effect: With the Silk Road becoming very popular for trading through the east and west eventually it became over-crowded and they had to shut it down around 1400. -
May 18, 1291
Acre Recaptured by the Turks
Effect: When the Turks Sieged Acre and recaptured it resulted in the loss of the Crusader-controlled city or Acre to the Muslims. It is considered one of the most important battles in medieval history.
Cause: As the Crusaders had captured Acre the Turks had formed an alliance with the Muslims to recpature it. There was a massive siege and the Turks won the battle. -
Feb 14, 1297
Law Passes- No Taxes
Cause: When King Edward I decided that there would be no more taxes he devised a list of rules relating to Christianity.
Effect: The rules created were fairly complicated and related to christianity. Such as giving access to all Christians to enter the chruch and cancelling the death penalty. -
Jan 1, 1346
The black Death origin
Cause: Communities infected with a baterium that thrived in the stomach of rats. Yersinia Pestis was a deadly disease that infected rats and humans and spread extremely fast. Effect: After the plague wiped out the majority of China and the Middle East it started attcking seas near Europe and eventually was carried across the to Italy. -
Oct 1, 1347
Siege of Caffa
Cause: In 1347, an army of infected Mongols besieged the Italian town of Caffa, flingling infected bodies over the walls. The Genoese tried to dispose of them but it was too late. Effect: This resukted in the Genoese people fleeing to parts of Italy and caused the plague to be spread even faster and to other countries in Europe. -
Jan 1, 1348
Flagellant movement in Europe
Cause: When the Black Death was at it's peak, many people were searching for the cause without much success. Effect: A group named the Flagellants made a name for themselves. The believed that God inflicted the plague so they would flaggelate (whip) themselves as a form of penance. -
Aug 1, 1348
A poisonous Miasma
Cause: Around this time, people were getting desperate for answers to what had caused the plague. A realistic conclusion was that the air had been poisoned and was infected cities continentally. Effect: As a result, when going out, people would fill their pockets will sweet aromas such as plants and herbs. Also, people would fill their houses with vinegar and rosewater to counter the poisoned air. -
Jan 1, 1351
Peasant Rebellion
Cause: Because of the huge depopulation, wages increased and the peasant socail class flourished. They started to work theur own land which annoyed the government so they introduced a poll tax. Effect: This caused the peasant's to form an army lead by the mysterious Wat Tyler. They agreed on a deal with the government to give freedom to the peasants but double-crossed them and killed Wat Tyler. -
May 29, 1453
The capture of Constantinople
Cause: Using European artillery experts and European artillery a 70,000 man Ottoman Turkish army, under the leadership of Mehmed II broke Constantinople's fabled defensive walls, captured Constantinople and killed the Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos.
Effect: With the death of Constantine XI, the Byzantine Empire, which had lasted for one thousand years, came to an end. This completed the destruction of the Roman Empire. -
Jan 1, 1494
Invasion of Italy
Cause: At this time when the Meici family ruled Italy, a powerful and dangerous FRench war leader Charles III made a deal with the naive Piero de Meici and double-crossed him. Effect: As a result Charles III and his army forced the Meici family out of Italy and ruled for a brief period. -
Jan 1, 1543
Arrival of the Portuguese
Cause: The Portuguese arrived in Japan as it was struggling and the Portuguese thought that they could take advantage of this. Effect: The Portuguese introduced Christinaity, weapons and government in Japan. They set up numerous trading posts and were dealing heavily with the Japanese. -
Bakufu introduce law
Cause: The Bakufu were sick of numerous Christian converts converting Jaoanese people to Christianity. Also they felt that their land was being taken over. Effect: The Bakufu passed laws restricted all foreigners entry to Japan apart from a small Portuguese trading post. -
Ottomans defeated at the battle of Vienna
Cause: In an attempt to seize control of the Italian city Vienna, an army of 140,000 Ottomans lead by Sultan Ahmed attacked and had Vienna under siege. Effect: A group of 30,000 Polish, German and Austrian soldiers broke the siege. After this the power of European people grew stronger and in the late ninteenth century, the great Ottoman Empire fell. -
Osaka Peasant Rebellion
Cause: Because of an increase in Japanese population there was an increase in tax and numerous famines. Strsined food resources and the tax caused the peasants to erupt. Effect: Led by three Tozama Daimyo, the peasant rebellion fought a battle for over 10 years and eventually nominated a new leader, which ended the reign of the Bakufu. -
American fleet docking in Japan
Cause: When the American fleet docked in 1853 it increased the resenment felt towards the Bakufu. Three Tozama Daimyo were extremely infuriated by the Bakufu's inability to keep foreigners out and keep order. Effect: This resulted in the haterd being spread to other daimyo and samurai which lead to a revolutionairy doctrine known as sonno joi ('revere the emperor, expel the barbarians'). -
Resignation of the last Shogun
Cause: The climax of the peasant rebellion resulted in the tozama daimyo holding the shogun, Tokugawa Yoshinobu at knifepoint and ordering him to resighn. Yoshinobu gave in to the pressure. Effect: This resulted in Yoshinobu standing down from his position and not nominating a successor. -
Eradication of the Bakufu
Cause: Almost a year after Yoshinobu stood down and Jaoan being under command by the legendary three tozama daimyo. They nominated youthful emperor Meiji to rule Japan. Effect: Emperor Meiji ordered the tokugawa bakufu to be never spoken of again and banished the title. This caused the end of the ruling of Shogun's and an end to Japan's medieval histroy. -
Vikings Discover Greenland
Cause: Between 982 and 985 the Icelandic Vikings, led by Erik the Red, (because of his red hair) set foot on and started exploring Greenland. Effect: The Vikings soon set up numerous trading posts around Greenland utilising the limitless supply of fish and sheep.
