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-Thought to have given rise to the first written language
-Was eventually absorbed into larger empires -
-Consisted of Egypt and Nubia
-Had less prominent cities, as they had a unified state -
-Economy was largely based on the fishing industry
-Did not rely on grain-based farming
-Had few sculptures, drawings, and art
-Did not have defensive walls and had little indication of warfare -
Prime era for pharaohs and pyramid building
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-2070-1600 (Xia Dynasty): Centralized state had formed
-1600-1046 (Shang Dynasty): Enlarged the Chinese state
-1046-771 (Zhou Dynasty): Created the Son of Heaven political idealogy -
-Little evidence of a political hierarchy/centralized state
-Suggested to have been controlled by a group of priests -
-Economically based on irrigation agriculture and stock raising
-Aristocratic social hierarchy
-Imported goods from around the world -
-Caused by the effect of civilization in that area (repeated irrigation, deforestation, etc.)
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-May have created the first written language in the Americas
-Sometimes considered to be the "mother civilization" of Mesoamerica
-Its unique culture is thought to have influenced future civilizations