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Once 10 percent of the voting population of a southern state took an oath of allegiance to the Union, they would be able to set up a "Unionist government." http://www.maxrambod.com/images/main/abraham-lincoln-picture.jpg
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The Wade-Davis Bill would have required that 50 percent of Southern voters take an oath of loyalty to the Union before Reconstruction began. http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/treasures_of_congress/Images/page_13/44b.jpg
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Johnson made sure that reconstructed state governments would be held by loyal people. He appointed provisional governors and made sure that those delegates who would create new state constitutions were loyal to the Union. http://www.pcs.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/andrew_johnson.jpg
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Congress voided Johnson's initiatives through what is known as the Radical Reconstruction, a compromise of the Republicans.
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The Freedmen's Bureau was to be a temporary government agency designed to provide help to former slaves in becoming self sufficient citizens. The Bill of the same name was designed to create this agency. Andrew Johnson vetoed this bill before a modified version eventually passed. http://www.impeach-andrewjohnson.com/ListOfCartoons/KickingFreedmensBureauCrop480.jpg
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The Civil Rights Act was meant to end the Black Codes and mandate equality. Johnson vetoed this bill, but it received a two-thirds majority to pass in spite of the veto. http://www.independent.co.uk/multimedia/archive/00113/andrew-johnson_113856t.jpg
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The Fourth Amendment passed, which gave citizenship and equal rights to any person born in the United States. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/experience/legal/images/doc_small_5.jpg
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The Republicans regained the majority in Congress with a two-thirds majority due to the issue of the Fourteenth Amendment and Johnson's actions around it. http://www.treehugger.com/green-republicans.jpg
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The First Reconstruction Act passed, placing the South under military rule in five districts, as part of the process of Reconstruction. http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/tdgh-mar/reconstructionmap.jpg
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Johnson appointed General Lorenzo Thomas as head of the War Department, which was in violation of the recently passed Tenure of Office Act which restricted the President's ability to appoint cabinet members without Senate approval. The House moved to impeach Johnson, and he escaped conviction by one vote. http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/5600/5678/johnson_impeachment_1_lg.gif
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Some African Americans were able to hold elected positions during the Reconstruction era, and often had more integrity than white politicians. http://cache.boston.com/bonzai-fba/Third_Party_Graphic/2008/08/23/1219473651_6819.jpg
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Ulysses S. Grant, a Republican, won the election of 1868, defeating Horatio Seymour with a wide margin of electoral votes.
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The Fifteenth Amendment allowed any male citizen of the United States the right to vote regardless of race.
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The Ku Klux Klan intimidated, harmed, or even murdered African Americans who were known to be Republican. The Force Acts, or Klu Klux Klan acts, made it illegal to interfere with anyone's voting rights. http://americanhistory.si.edu/Brown/history/1-segregated/images/early-kkk-l.jpg
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Ulysses S. Grant, a Republican, was re-elected in 1872 after Horace Greeley conducted an unappealing campaign to voters. http://blogs.westword.com/demver/HM%20horacegreely%20explore%20PA%20history.jpg
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President Grant allowed greenbacks to circulate until the economy improved enough that they could be backed by gold. The Panic of 1873 caused the economy to spin into depression due to a rush to inflate the currency.
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This act slowly reduced the amount of greenbacks in circulation until the return to specie payments could be complete.
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The "Whiskey Ring" consisted of federal revenue officials who worked with distillers to steal millions of dollars from the government through liquor taxes. Grant, however, may not have profited from the scandal, but he interfered when the Senate took action against those involved.
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This election was won by Tilden narrowly in electoral votes, but three Republican controlled states that had not been able to vote threw the election into chaos because if Hayes were given those electoral votes, he would win by a single electoral vote. Republican and Democrat leaders negotiated secretly to give Hayes the presidency.
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The Compromise of 1877 removed all Federal troops from the remaining unreconstructed southern states.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Keppler-Conkling-Mephistopheles.jpg
