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13th amendment
abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. -
14th amendment
one of the Reconstruction Amendments. The amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War. -
15th amendment
prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude". -
Plessy v. Ferguson
Plessy v. Ferguson was a landmark constitutional law case of the US Supreme Court. It upheld state racial segregation laws for public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal". -
Rosa Parks
Rosa Parks was an activist in the Civil Rights Movement, whom the United States Congress called "the first lady of civil rights" and "the mother of the freedom movement". -
Mendez vs. Westminster School District of Orange County
was a 1947 federal court case that challenged Mexican remedial schools in Orange County, California. (1940's) -
jim crow laws
Jim Crow law,between the end of Reconstruction in 1877 and the beginning of the civil rights movement in the 1950's. Jim Crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States. (1877-1950's) -
Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional. -
Emmett Till
Emmett Till was a 14-year-old African-American who was lynched in Mississippi in 1955 after offending a white woman in a grocery store. -
Little Rock Nine
The Little Rock Nine was a group of nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. Their enrollment was followed by the Little Rock Crisis, in which the students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Orval Faustus, the Governor of Arkansas. -
John F. Kennedy
The Civil Rights Address or the Report to the American People on Civil Rights was a speech on civil rights, delivered on radio and television by United States President John F. Kennedy from the Oval Office on June 11, 1963 in which he proposed the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Kennedy, commonly referred to by his initials JFK, was an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963. -
Freedom Summer
Freedom Summer was a 1964 voter registration project in Mississippi, part of a larger effort by civil rights groups such as the Congress on Racial Equality (CORE) and the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) to expand black voting in the South. -
Malcolm X
Malcolm X was an African-American Muslim minister and human rights activist. To his admirers he was a courageous advocate for the rights of blacks, a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms.(1925-1965) -
Martin Luther King Jr.
Martin Luther King Jr. was an American Baptist minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the Civil Rights Movement. (1929-1968) -
Everett Dirksen
Everett Dirksen was an American politician of the Republican Party. He represented Illinois in the House of Representatives and the Senate. (1896-1969) -
Jackie Robinson
Jackie Robinson was an American professional baseball second baseman who became the first African American to play in Major League Baseball in the modern era. (1919-1972)