20th Century Mongolia

By Sam Howe

  • Outer Mongolia proclaims independence from China

    Outer Mongolia proclaims independence from China
  • Period: to

    20th Century Mongolia

  • Mongolia establishes autonomous theocratic government

  • Russia affirms Mongolia's separation from China

  • Sino-Russian agreement acknowledges Chinese suzerainty over Mongolia

  • Treaty of Kyakhta formalizes Mongolian autonomy

  • Chinese troops occupy Outer Mongolia

  • Period: to

    Mongolian People's Party formed, establishes links with Communist International and Soviets

  • Russian White Guards invade Mongolia

  • First National Party Congress of the Mongolian People's Party held in Kyakhta, Soviet Union

  • Mongolian People's Provisional Government formed

  • Mongolian-Soviet army drives out White Guards

  • Mongolian People's Government, a limited monarchy, proclaimed

  • Mongolian independence proclaimed

  • Soviets recognize Mongolian People's Government

  • Revolutionary hero Damdiny Sukhe Batar dies

  • Sino-Soviet treaty recognizes Chinese sovereignty over Mongolia

  • Mongolian People's Party becomes Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party

  • November 6, 1924First National Great Hural convenes

  • Mongolian People's Republic proclaimed; Soviet style state constitution adopted; Niyslel Huree renamed Ulaanbaatar

  • Soviet troops ostensibly withdraw

  • Inner-party struggle at Sixth Party Congress

  • Horloyn Choybalsan emerges as party leader

  • Period: to

    Feudal estates confiscated; religious communities suppressed

  • Soviet troops help quell rebellions; party repudiates extremism

  • Mongolian-Soviet "gentlemen's agreement" allows Soviet troops into Mongolia

  • Treaty and mutual defense protocol signed with Soviet Union

  • Period: to

    High-level government purges

  • Mongolian-Soviet joint force defeats Japanese at Khalkhyn Gol

  • Mongolia declares war on Japan

  • China recognizes Mongolia's independence

  • Treaty of Friendship and Mutual Assistance and Agreement on Economic and Cultural Cooperation signed with Soviet Union

  • Economic and cultural cooperation agreement signed with Chin

  • New state Constitution adopted

  • Mongolia admitted to United Nations

  • Mongolia joins Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

  • Serious Mongolian-Chinese differences emerge

  • Long-term trade agreement signed with China

  • Soviet Union announces intention to withdraw one of five Soviet divisions stationed in Mongolia

  • Diplomatic relations established with the United States

  • Treaty on a border control system signed with China

  • Soviets announced that troop withdrawal plans had been finalized