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Russian ruler who largely completed the process of gaining territories around Moscow and forming the beginnings of Russia.
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Ivan III stops acknowledging the khans as his supreme ruler.
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Ivan the Terrible ruled Russia through this period, starting to rule at just the age of three. He finished off most of the Mongols remaining in Russia, icluding the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates. Ivan IV then centralized the governmment under the Tsar, creating an absolutist state.
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18th century culutral movement in Europe that resulted in great advances in science, art, and phisolophical thought.
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Lead by Razin he Cossacks revolted against the Tsar. The revolt ended up being crushed, but Razin became the equivalent of Robin Hood in Russian folk lore.
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Reformed the Russian military and westernized the Russian society throughout his reign, ruling as an enlightened monarch and bringing Russia onto the world stage as a world power.
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French political thinker
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French philosopher, writer, playwright, and deist, famous for his wit and criticism
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French philosopher, writer, and educator
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founder of the Encyclopedia
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Women could now do the same jobs their husbands could, but were still paid significantly less.
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Catherine the Great was an enlightened monarch who brought on great reform and change in the mainly backward world of Russia. She abolished serfdom, but did NOT stop nobles from continuing to use serfs.
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ruled throughout the Napoleonic Wars
new universities and secondary schools opened
scientific, literary, and scholarly societies flourished -
third Section oversaw tight censorship and repression
liberal ideas began to spread -
condemned Russia's cultural history
provoked heated discussion because it suggested that cultural backwardness would keep Russia from becoming civilized -
sentenced for participation in reading circle that discussed socialism
mock execution that scarred him and motivated him to describe not only his own suffering but that of Russia, esp. after the Crimean War -
Russian defeat, helped convince the tsar that reform and the emancipation of serfs was necessary for the development of the country
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emancipated serfs
liberal (courts, no flogging, new military policy) but conservative (censorship and secret court-martial, no intention of creating national representative assembly)
expansionist goals -
result of Crimean defeat
Russia lost large territories and accepted neutrality of Black Sea -
Tsar Alexander II, most ambitious reform of the century
22 million serfs
sefdom dictated organization of taxation, army, courts, etc; Russia can only develop economically if abolished
serfs received lands through mir (former Russian peasant community) but insufficient enough for them to grow enough to eat/pay taxes and redemption fees
freed without bloodshed because of centralized authority -
proclaimed a national government but was crushed by Russian troops
brutal repression brought widespread sympathy but not victory -
former seminarian
supporter of nihilism: Russian movement in the 1860s which rejected all authorities.
derived from the Latin word "nihil", "nothing"
After the assassination of Tsar Alexander II in 1881, the Nihilists were known throughout Europe as proponents of the use of violence in order to bring about political change. -
Alexander II
district of village assemblies that would elect delegates to regional assemblies
dumas (councils) had authority to assess taxes and organize public services -
first time separate judicial branch of government existed
regional and lower courts modeled after britain, public trial by jury
tsar could override any decision -
wrote novels using characters that depicted ot rationality but aberration and madness
"The Brothers Karamazov" (1879-1880) -
student nihilist
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approved the Russian mobilization of August 1914 (started involvement in WWI)
Incompetent, family under influence of Rasputin
Not popular with general public
Abdicated following February Revolution -
main character based on Nechayav, supporter of an autocracy (unlike nihilists and anarchists)
small, tightly organized revolutionary group could seize control of the state and begin the peasant revolution that would sweep away autocratic oppression and corruption -
Austrian and British forces protected Dardanelles Strait
Russia defeated the Ottoman Empire, which led to the Treaty of San Stefano
threatened Britain and Austria-Hungary because of assertive victory and rise of Pan-Slavism, so they demanded assembly to discuss the matter
compromise leaves both Russians and Bulgarians feeling cheated of lands -
bombing by "People's Will"
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UBER-CONSERVATIVE
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Russians lost to Japanese
War over Manchuria and Korea
Russia wanted warm water ports, thought it would easily beat and Asian country
but LO AND BEHOLD
They lost.
Russia had to give up all influence in the Far East, everyone was angry at Tsar Nicholas II -
strike by 100 000 workers led by Orthodox priest to tsar's Winter palace, carrying petition for justice and political reform
Sunday Bloody Sunday
Tsar is no longer Holy Father -
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Due to a massive loss of men from businesses, women began to be allowed more and more freedom to pick up the jobs the men left behind.
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1st Bolshevik Revolution. Bolsheviks brutally crushed by Mensheviks and cou d' etat fails.
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Provisional took the reigns of government after the previous Russian emperor Nicholas II abdicated. They took the place of the Duma and reigned until the Bolsheviks overthrew them on Nov 7. The Bolsheviks set up their own provisional government consisting of only communists and soviets and began their long reign over Russia.
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Women given many rights due to Lenin believing that it was necessary for women to participate in order for the revolution to be a success.
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Civil War between the Red army (Bolsheviks) and the White Army (Mencheviks, moderates, and conservatives). Ended with Lenin's Red Army victorious due to the White Army fighting amongst itself.
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2nd Bolshevik Revolution. This time the Bolsheviks successfully perform their cou d' etat and overthrew the provisional government.
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leader of the Bolshevik party and October Revolution
first leader of the USSR
Russian Marxist
signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
brought in the New Economic Policy -
Treaty between the Central Powers and Russia marking Russia's exit from World War I.
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totalitarian, used secret police
instituted collectivization
cooperated with Hitler in WWII until 1941 when Hitler turned on him
reign followed by a period of de-Stalinization, then re-stalinization -
Stalin cut back on the policy Lenin had established. Due to this, women's rights regressed back to where they were before Lenin's reign.
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Stated that the United States and its Allies would adhere to the following laws: no territorial aggrandizement, no territorial changes made against the wishes of the people, restoration of self-government to those deprived of it, free access to raw materials; reduction of trade restrictions, global cooperation to secure better economic and social conditions for all, freedom from fear and want, freedom of the seas, and abandonment of the use of force, as well as disarmament of aggressor nations.
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This speech served as a warnign to the tensions building between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. Their refusal to trade or interact with each other formed the basis of the Iron Curtain theory.
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THe Soviets managed to halt free elections and instead forcefully install communist dictatorships into the countries of Eastern Europe.
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NATO was formed by the nations of Western Europe and America to unite them against the Soviet Union
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In his 'Secret Speech' Khrushchev proposed a beginning to the de-stalinization of Russia. He planned to better the lives of the ordinary people and bring out more freedom in soicety.
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This pact was made by the eight communist nations of Eastern Europe to counter the combined might of NATO forces and resources
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Breshnev increased the Soviet Union's influence on the global scale, but overlooked economic problems that would eventually aid in the downfall of the Soviet Union.
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Gorbachev's reforms and policies helped dissolve the Soviet Union and bring about an end to the Cold War.
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Russia lacked much of its former military power and had deactivated the majority of its nuclear weapons. The Russian Federation was a republic and the entire country went through a wave of reforms, including the free-market orientation reform.