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William Lyon Mackenzie King
-He was the Prime Minister of Canada during WW2
-The Government of Quebec (Godbout) agreed with Mackenzie King's federal policies. They worked together during WW2.
-Mackenzie King created a conscription plebiscite
-When Duplessis got elected, they both disagreed on certain war measures. Class notes, WWII (unit 2) -
Rural Electrification
-Cause: Since Duplessis was in charge, he wanted to encourage the rural way of living for Quebec's society.
-Effect: To encourage people to live in farms and participate in farming, he added electricity and developed rural areas to make farming easier
-Impact: Society became more focused on farming, people moved out of the city, less people working in factories. Class notes, FEDERAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT POLICIES -
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Baby Boom
-Maurice Duplessis was in power when the baby boom first started
-The baby boom happened because WW2 had ended. Many people decided to celebrate, and also had a lot more free time.
-This allowed Canada's population to increase and also lead Quebec to expand it's urban territory since people needed more space for their families. Reflections, p.218 -
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The Duplessis Era
-Maurice Duplessis was the premier of Quebec
-People called his time in power the "dark age" since he did not care that much about the Welfare state
-He focused on clericalism and made sure that everyone lives a traditional lifestyle
-To promote farming, he modernized and added more electricity in rural areas
-Believed in economic liberalism and let American businesses use Quebec's land
-He saw unions as communist and did not really care about working conditions
-This time allowed The Quiet Rev -
Adoption of Quebec's Flag
-Cause: Since Maurice Duplessis was in power at the time, he wanted to defend Quebec's autonomy.
-Effect: He creates the Quebec flag.
-Impact: Quebec becomes more sovereign. Class Slides, S.10 -
Refus Global Manifesto
-Cause: When Duplessis was in charge, he praised clericalism which allowed the Church to take part in politics, education, health etc...
-Effect: The artists and intellectuals did not believe in this and wanted to modernize and secularize Quebec by doing a manifesto (Refus Global).
-Impact: Society starts to agree with secularism and starts to disagree with Duplessis's actions and beliefs. Class slides, s.14 -
Asbestos Strike
-Cause: Working conditions were terrible, peoples' salaries were low, and workers had health issues.
-Effect: These workers decided to hold a strike and protest to have better working conditions so they could continue working safely.
-Impact: Since Duplessis was in charge at the time, he announced that this strike was illegal and that the workers should be learnt a lesson by violence. Class notes, PROTEST MOVEMENTS -
Contraception becomes more accessible
-Cause: Women slowly start getting more rights.
-Effect: Contraception becomes more accessible
-Impact: Decrease in population, women start focusing on work and distance themselves from a rural lifestyle Class slides, s.42 -
Rise of Americanism
-Cause: Consumerism was a big thing after the war since people had more time. Things like televisions, radios and the newspaper became big in Quebec.
-Effect: Since many people in Quebec had tvs and radios, they were often exposed to American culture and films.
-Impact: This allowed many people in Quebec to become highly influenced by America and buy and support American businesses. Class notes, A CHANGING AND EVOLVING SOCIETY -
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The Quiet Revolution
-The Quiet Revolution started when Duplessis died and was no longer in power.
-This revolution allowed people to have more freedom and allowed Quebec to modernize
-When Lesage was in power, he concentrated on the Welfare state. He focused on improving education, health, Quebec culture, work conditions and enforced economic nationalism
-The Quiet Revolution made it so that people were more healthy, educated, less dependent on the Church and neo-nationalist. Class slides, topic 2 -
Nationalization of electricity
-Cause: Because Duplessis was in favour of economic liberalism, and the GATT agreement was signed, there were many different electricity companies.
-Effect: Since Lesage didn't like this, he decided to buy all these companies and merge them into one big crown corporation: Hydro-Quebec.
-Impact: This allowed more Quebecois businesses to rise and allowed more job opportunities. Class slides, s.31 -
Creation of Ministry of Education
-Cause: Duplessis let the Church deal with education and didn't make it free for kids to attend. The school conditions were terrible, and Quebec's literacy rate was very low.
-Effect: Lesage created the Ministry of Education so that the Church wouldn't have to take care of schools.
-Impact: Quebec's society becomes more educated, and more people have access to free education. Class slides, s.28 -
Bill 16 (Married women gain legal independance)
-Cause: There weren't that many rights for women at the time, and since the Quiet Revolution was happening, more and more people decided to speak up about their issues
-Effect: Marie-Claire Kirkland-Casgrain decided it was time to create bill 16, were married women could accomplish important tasks without needing their husband.
-Impact: This was a step to Quebec's modernization and allowed women to feel more free from their husbands. (Class Slides, s.43) -
Creation of Cegeps
-Cause: Since Lesage had made education free and also mandatory until 14 years old, more people were interested in learning and wanting to continue after school.
-Effect: Daniel Johnson creates cegeps (also Université de Quebec) to have academic and vocational programs.
-Impact: This allowed Quebec society to become more educated and continue learning after the age of 14 years old.
Class slides, s.36 -
Expo 67
-Cause: The Quiet Revolution and Neo-nationalism allowed people to be proud of their Quebecois side. People wanted to show off their culture to the rest of the world and develop big cities like Montreal.
Effect: Since people started creating the metro system, they took the dirt to create a small island where the Expo 67 would be held. This attracted many tourists from different countries to explore Quebec culture.
Impact: Quebec culture became more known and had more tourists.
Class Slides,p.37 -
Provincial right to vote given to Indigenous people in Quebec
-Cause: Indigenous rights started to become more and more protected. Indigenous people decided to speak up and opposed the white paper.
-Effect: Daniel Johnson decided to give the provincial right to vote for Indigenous people.
-Impact: Better relations with Indigenous people. They are more involved in Quebecois politics. Reflections, p.251 and Class Slides, s.36 -
Official Languages Act (1969)
-Cause: Many francophone communities across Canada felt like they had less privileges than anglophones.
-Effect: Prime Minister Pierre-Eliott Trudeau passed the Official Languages Act.
-Impact: French becomes more acknowledged across Canada. Class Slides, s.39 -
October Crisis
-Cause: Some Québecois think that they are still being treated poorly and that Anglophones are more prioritized.
-Effect: The FLQ (a group of Québécois who hate British colonialism and anglophones) does violent acts towards the anglophones living and Québec by bombing their mailboxes and kidnapping British diplomat James Cross.
-Impact: Robert Bourassa invokes the War Measures Act. The separate cultures (English and Quebecois) still lives on.
(Class notes, SOCIO-POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC TENSIONS) -
Quebec's Medicare system (Health Insurance Act)
-Cause: Bourassa wants to improve the health system in Quebec to modernize society.
-Effect: He creates the Health Insurance Act. He creates a healthcare card that if someone has it, then they get free treatment.
-Impact: This makes the health system more controlled and increased Bourassa's provincial power. Class notes, HEALTH CARE -
Oil Crisis (1973)
-Cause: An Arab-Israeli war happens and raises the oil price to weaken countries who supported Israel.
-Effect: Economic growth stops and transportation of goods increases. Oil prices increase in Quebec.
-Impact: Quebec's economy goes through a period of instability and inflation rises. Class slides, s.51 -
Official Language Act (1974)
-Cause: Many Québecois were scared that they would lose the French Language and the fact the immigrants who couldn't speak French nor English would send their kids to English schools.
-Effect: Robert Bourassa creates Bill 22 that makes it so that French is the only official language in Quebec.
-Impact: This allows the Quebec culture and the French language to still be present. Class Slides, s53 -
James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement
-Cause: Hydro-electricity needs more development and needs more land, water and space.
-Effect: Since the land that is needed to achieve this goal is on Indigenous land, they need to ask permission if they can use it. The Inuit and Cree sign an Agreement that if they use their land they are recompensed.
-Impact: Better terms with Indigenous people and better conditions for the development of hydro-electricity. Class slides, s.47 -
Charter of humans rights and freedom
-Cause: Bourassa wanted to ensure social justice and allow the investigation of discrimination and work safety.
-Effect: He passes the charter of human rights and freedom to say that all individuals are equal.
-Impact: The first Canadian province to do this first, modernizes Quebec society wise and equality wise. Class notes, QUÉBEC’S CHARTER OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS -
Bill 101 The Charter of the French Language
-Cause: People still weren't happy about the French language not being acknowledged enough and how immigrants were always staying on the English side.
-Effect: Bill 101 was passed so that Immigrant children were forced to attend francophone schools and that public signs had to be in French.
-Impact: More and more of the population started speaking and learning. Class slides, s.56 -
Economic downturn
-Cause: Second Oil crisis happens and there's a high inflation rate. The unemployment rate rises, and Quebec businesses have to move.
-Effect: A big economic downturn in Quebec. Big challenge in the 80s
-Impact: we'll see in unit 4! Class notes, ECONOMIC DOWNTURN