-
Industrial Revolution
1750-1850 The Industrial Revolution created more jobs, and the production of materials became very large. Export increased as well. Steamships were made as well, helped Europe in wars. (Taryn Pepping) -
New Imperialism
Europe wanted more control of land and countries, for power and for money. So a new wave of imperialism spread as a result and Eurpe tried to conquer many different countries. (Taryn Pepping) -
North America
Women get voting rights and more job opportunities in early 1900s Mitchel Dierickx -
European Nationalism
European powers became extremely nationalist as the threat of Communism spread. Watned to protect their land. (mainly western) (Taryn Pepping) -
1900s Caribbean [AM]
The United Fruit Company helped tourism flourish in the region. -
independence-helena-oceania
1901, January 1. A.D. Australia gains its independence. February 6, 1840 New Zealand gains its independence. December 1, 1973 New Guinea gains its independence. -
Cuba becomes independent
Cuba becomes independent after three years of U.S. military rule. There were certain restrictions that the United States set for the citizens of Cuba, which later created political unrest within the country. ALLIE S -
Russia
Russian- Japanese war begins -
All-India Muslim League
Formed by Muslims fearful of Hindu dominance in India. The British issued separate representation and different voting qualifications for Hindus and Muslims. -
Overthrow of sultan Abdul Hamid
Young Turks blame Abdul Hamid for the decline of the empire; so parliament (dominated by Young Turks) replace him with his brother. -
Mexican Revolution
War turmoil, dangers, and economic crash results in thousands of mexican natives migrating acrossed the border to the United States. More than 890,000 legal Mexican immigrants came to the U.S between 1910-1920. Roni Storjohann -
chinese republic
china over through the Quing and became the china republic -
Land Act (South Africa)
the land act was passed in 1913 and prevented black people from buying land
Stephanie Kepner -
Latin America
The Panama Canal is built. The Canal connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean via the Caribbean Sea, increasing and making trade easier. -Miranda Hale -
Great War
1914-1918 Great War. Germany was supposed to win, but resources were exhuasted and ended up losing. Europe fighting on two fronts, eastern and western. New fighting techniques; trenches, new machinery, submarines....the Economy went way down, but women's rights went up some due to the fact that men were fighting.
(Taryn pEpping) -
changing power-helena-oceania
1914 A.D. All of the Pacific islands fell under European power, each with varying degrees of control, those or Tonga and Vanuatu being the loosest with European protection. To some islanders being confined to reservations. -
Period: to
Ottoman Empire During WW1
The Ottaman Empire sides with Germany. The loss divides the empire between France and Britain. -
Russia
Russian-Austrian rivalry in Balkans contributes to outbreak of World War I. Russia fights alongside Britain and France. -
Period: to
World War I Europe - Abigail
Political imperialistic policies came to a head during the "Great War" when the majority of Europe fought because of political tension originating in Serbia and Austro-Hungaria and spread due to the formation of allies on either side. -
U.S. Citizenship given to Puerto Rico
U.S. citizenship is given to the people of Puerto Rico, with representatives in the House of Representatives and the senate.
ALLIE S -
Influenza
1918-1919 Influenza. Many people died from this, but new medicines were created as a result.
(Taryn Pepping) -
Russia
The Civil War between the Red Army and White Russians, or anti-communists begins -
Middle East: Cultures: Development and Interaction
Mustafa Kemal, a hero of the Gallipoli campaign & former of nationalist gvt. in Anatolia, wanted to bring Turkey closer to Europe as quick as possible. He abolished sultanate, and introduced European laws. In a break w/ Islamic tradition, he surpressed Muslim courts, schools, & religious order. He also replaced the Arabic alphabet w/ Latin.
Jennah Davison -
Russia
A trade agreement is signed with Britian -
North America
WWI comes and America, Canada try to stop Germany and other powers Mitchel Dierickx -
Middle East: Social Structures: Development and Transformation
Mustafa Kemal, former of central gvt. of Anatolia, tried to make Turkey westernized: women received civil equality-right to vote, and be elected to national assembly. He changed tradtions: strongly discouraged women to veil their faces, and replace the fez (traditional Turkish men's hat) with European brimmed hat.
Jennah Davison -
Middle East: States: Building, Expansion, Conflict
At Paris Peace Conference, France, Britain, Italy, and Japan proposed to divide the Ottoman Empire territories among themselves. They compromised of the mandate system which would let the rulers administer the territories, but would be accountable to the League of Nations for "the material and moral well-being and social progress of the inhabitants."
Jennah Davison -
1920s Caribbean [AM]
Development of offshore banking services. -
Medicine to East Africa
Europe provided modern medicine to Africa, yet it was not enough and the diseases still began to spread. -
Central Africa
Ingeneous Africans stage violent protests against abuses by concessionaries. -
Russia
The Volga basin famine began. Hunger was so severe that ‘seed grain’ for the next year’s harvest was eaten, about 5 million dead -
Russia
The New Economic Policy was introduced. The ‘ban on factions’ within the party was also introduced, meant to jump start economy -
Egypt Gains Independence
Egypt become independent from Britain. -
Immigration Act
This act stopped the flow of other immigrant groups. Border stations are established to admit immigrant workers and a tax is collected on each person who is crossing the border.
Roni Storjohann -
japan attacks china
japan recieve manchuria but they thought attacking china would earn them a lot of land and glory. -
Central Asia
1926-29 - Amanullah tries to introduce social reforms, which however stir civil unrest. He flees.
Cultures, Conflicts
Kevin Knoer -
Russia
Stalin becomes dictator of USSR. Lenin who opposes Stalin, is deported to Turkey -
Latin America
Women are granted voting rights in Ecuador, becoming the first Latin American country to do so. -Miranda Hale -
latin america
Abolition of slavery in Brazil, this is one of the movements that start other abolishments.-allison coe -
The Great Depression Europe - Abigail
With the collapse of the American stock market in 1929, the U.S. stopped allowing Germany to borrow money to pay back referendums to Britain and France from World War I. This sent Europe into an economic spiral as no nation could survive without payments from America. -
North America
Great Depression hits the world as the American stock markets crash millions lose jobs Mitchel Dierickx -
Japan and the great depression
JApan and all of asia was effected by the great depression. Most of the world not just asia suffored from it. -
1930 Caribbean [AM]
The Great Depression hit Chile harder than anywhere else. Six years of governent Austerity measures were taken to get it back to normal. -
Modern Medicine to Eastern Africa
The medicine that was sent to East Afica was not enough so diseases such as syphilis, malaria, tuberculosis, and gonorrhea spread throughout Eastern Africa due to poor healthcare and bad living conditions. -
latin america
An El Salvador revolt leads to the death of 30,000 Indians-allison coe -
latin america
Women are able to work in Brazil, Puerto Rico, and Uruguay.-allison coe -
Russia
Second 5 year plan begins -
1937 Caribbean [AM]
Parsley Massacre. Dictator of the Dominican Republic, Rafael Trujillo, ordered the killing of the Hatian population living in the borderlands of Haiti. 20,000 died. -
Japan Invades the Philippines (WWII) (SE Asia)
The Japanese invaded and took over most of Southeast Asia during World War 2. After Japan lost the war, the U.S gave the Philippines independence. This also caused other countries to begin to fight for independence. Emily Lane -
Period: to
World War II Europe - Abigail
World War II resulted from the European Great Depression as Germany, restricted by the Treaty of Versailles, struggled to create some form of economic revenue and therefore instituted a fascist dictator, Adolf Hitler, in the hopes of a recovery. -
North America
WWII emerges as Depressions begin to end and Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin begin to rule as dictators but US elects FDR Mitchel Dierickx -
North America
Japan makes a direct attack on the USA by bombing Pearl Harbor Mitchel Dierickx -
Eastern Africa in WW2
Eastern Africa has quite the involvement in World War II with Germany -
Pearl Harbor attack
The japaneese chose to secritly attack the American naval base PEARL HARBOR. -
Eastern Africa vs. Italy
Italian dictator Benito Mussolini attacked Eastern and Southern African countries. As a result, East African countries fought back for the British Commonwealth of Nations. -
latin america
Women gain the right to work in the Dominican Republic, and later do so in Argentina, Chile, Venezuela, El Salvador, and Costa Rica.-allison coe -
Bracero Program
This program allowed Mexican nationals to take temporary agricultural work in the United States. Desperate for money, workers were more willing to do rough jobs for little pay. Their work they did was one of the main reasons for the great rise in American agriculture during this time.
Roni Storjohann -
Famine of 1943 in South Asia
Supplies ran short in Bengal, India because the British army preparing for Japenese invasion. About 2 million people died. -
Period: to
Yugoslavia, Communism, and Ethnic Cleansing Europe - Abigail
After World War II, tensions intensified between the U.S.S.R. and many European countries, one of them being the ethinic conglomeration of Yugoslavia. Headed by Marshall Tito, the country had good relations with European Allies, despite its Communist affiliations. However, after Tito's death in 1980 and the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, Yugoslavia was ravaged by violence and genocide and peace has only just been restored within the past decade. -
Latin America
Juan Peron is elected president of Argentina. -Miranda Hale -
Latin America
Eva Peron, while First Lady of Argentina, works to build hundreds of schools and hospitals, advocates for the education of women, and helps the poor to gain a voice and respect in Argentina. -Miranda Hale -
French Parliment- Central Africa
Central Africa is given its own assembly and representation of the French Parliment. Barthelemy Boganda, founder of the MESAN becomes the first Central African to be elected to the French Parliment. -
Indian Independence
On August 15, 1947 British India gave way to a new India and Pakistan. After the second World War Britain had started moving toward the idea of Indian independence and in 1947 it was achieved. -
Partition of India
When India gained its independence in 1947 it seperated into the Hindu state of India and the Muslim state of Pakistan. Muhammah Jinnah petitioned with the Muslims for their own separate state, but Jawaharlal Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi wanted to keep India united. Jinnah eventually won that argument and India was partitioned. Muslims had to move to Pakistan and Hindus had to move to India -
War between India and Pakistan
In 1947 war between India and Pakistan broke over Kashmir (a north-western state). An uneasy truce was negotiated in 1948, but war broke out again in 1965. It has remained a flash point, with new clashes and outbreaks in 1999 and 2000 -
1947 Caribbean [AM]
The U.S. granted Puerto Ricans the right to democratically elect their own governer. making them a U.S. commonwealth. -
Central Asia
Asia Rises to Communism
Social Structure, Economic Status -
latin america
Jacobo Arbenz elected president in Guatemala. Reforms accelerate, including taking over of United Fruit Company banana lands. A few years later almost the same thing happens in Bolivia.-allison coe -
The korean war begain
-
Central Africa
The government began a fish farming program and by the end, there was almost 12000 ponds. -
Cambodian Independence (SE Asia)
Cambodia wins their independence from the colonial power, France. Emily Lane -
Central Asia
1953 - General Mohammed Daud becomes prime minister. Turns to Soviet Union for economic and military assistance. Introduces social reforms, such as abolition of purdah (practice of secluding women from public view).
Society
Kevin Knoer -
Vietnam Free From U.S. (SE Asia)
With the U.S. backing off, South Vietnam declares itself as an independent republic. Emily Lane -
West Africa
!st state to have independence from European was Ghana empire. -
Central African Republic (C.A.R.)
Ubangi-Shari was a French territory, and took the name of Central African Republic. -
Russia
Led by Fidel Castro, the Communists win the Civil War in Cuba -
Fidel Castro
Fidel Castro begins his reign of authoritarian rule in Cuba. Castro would later be remembered as a main component in the Cuban Missile Crisis as well as one of the most prominent leaders of communism in the world.
ALLIE S -
Civil Wars in Cambodia (SE Asia)
Civil wars began in Cambodia in 1959. Communists took over Cambodia and Laos in 1975. In 1978, Vietnam helped overthrow Cambodia's government. Emily Lane -
North America
President Kennedy tries to beat Russia in the Space Race Mitchel Dierickx -
North America
African-Americans led by MLK Jr. try and get rights in Civil Rights Movement Mitchel Dierickx -
Middle East: Interactions between humans and their environment
The shock of oil in the Middle East faced rising demands. So oil-producing states formed OPEC (organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) to promote their collective interest in higher revenues. The use of oil as weapons disturbed the worldwide oil industries
Jennah Davison -
West Africa
Almost all of West Africa was independent from forgein power at this point -
independence-helena-oceania
1960 A.D. post-world war two saw the islanders taking their first steps towards independence, and many looking for democracy. However, Fijians had many Indian civilians who opposed the press for democratic measures. -
East African industrialization
East African countries such as Madagascar and Ethiopia contine to industrialize more and more today! -
The Vietnam War (SE Asia)
After the French left the country divided, Vietnam began to fight. American troops were sent to fight in 1960 to stop the possible threat of spreading communism. Emily Lane -
Central Africa Development
Central Africa has made slow progress towards economic development. -
Central Africa
Independence of Central Africa. They were freed from a major colonial power. -
Central Africa
The Republic of the Congo won it's independence from France. -
Latin America
The Eisenhower administration (United States) breaks diplomatic relations with Fidel Castro in Cuba. -Miranda Hale -
Independence (South Africa)
South Africa gained its independence and is declared a republic
Stephanie Kepner -
Cotton- Central Africa
50% of 1 days work would be devoted to cotton agriculture. -
1962 Caribbean [AM]
Cuban missle crisis. Closest world ever came to a nuclear war. Based between U.S., Russia, and Cuba. -
Cuban Missile Crisis
After U.S. intelligence learns that the USSR is planning on delivering nuclear weapons to Cuba, President Kennedy sends the navy to stop the delivery. The Cuban Missile Crisis was a tense threat that could have ended in atomic warfare. ALLIE S -
Period: to
Nelson Mandela Imprisonment (South Africa)
In 1964 Nelson Mandela is sentenced to a life sentence in prison, in 1990 he is released from prison
Stephanie Kepner -
1965 Caribbean [AM]
U.S. invaded Dominican Republic, putting an end to political feuds. -
U.S. intervenes in the Dominican Republic
U.S. troops intervene in the Dominican Republic due to their civil war. The main reason for the United States’ involvement was the determination to stop the spread of communism in the Dominican Republic. ALLIE S -
latin america
Ernesto "Che" Guevara is killed in Bolivia while attempting to spark a revolutionary uprising, and an important "Student Movement" ends with police and army massacring students at the Plaza of Tlatelolco in Mexico City.-allison coe -
Recognition of Israel by Arab States
United Nations cals for a return of territory seized by Israel. -
Bangladesh
In 1971, The Bengali-speaking eastern part of Pakistan seceded and became its own country. -
Cotton- Central Africa
90% of the income from exports was attributed to cotton. Coffee, and lumbering areother important resources. -
Latin America
Augusto Pinochet is elected the 30th president of Chile. -Miranda Hale -
MANA
The mexican American Women's National Association is established to advance the staus of the Mexican American women. This promoted leadership and eualitiy for women in the work place. -
MANA
The Mexican American Women's National Association is established to advance the status of the Mexican American woman. This helped promote opportunities and more equality for women in the work force. Roni Storjohann -
latin america
President Jimmy Carter makes human rights a major goal in South American policy.-allison coe -
President Carter/Caribbean
President Jimmy Carter attempts to improve relations with Cuba. U.S.-Cuban relations had been steadily declining since Fidel Castro’s rise to power
ALLIE S -
Iran's New Government
Iran forms a new Government under the leadership of Ayatola Khomein. -
Central Asia
1980 - Babrak Karmal installed as ruler, backed by Soviet troops. But anti-regime resistance intensifies with various mujahideen groups fighting Soviet forces. US, Pakistan, China, Iran and Saudi Arabia supply money and arms. Social Systems
Kevin Knoer -
Latin America
"The Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984" between Chile and Argentina is signed. It contained a maritime border definition, comprehensive body of legislation on solving disputes, ship navigation rights, and an exact definition of the border through the Straits of Magellan. Among those who signed was Augusto Pinochet. -Miranda Hale -
Communism
The 'iron curtain' was drawn across Europe. It became split between communist and noncommunist parties. COmmunists wanted to spread, while noncommunists wanted to stop it from spreading. (Taryn Pepping) -
New technology
New technology develped and was brought to Europe (and otehr countreis) including skyscrapers, radios, automobiles. This created environmental problems and in turn caused people to become more aware of the environment. (Women's rights also going up at this time) Taryn Pepping -
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
This agreement removed all the tariffs and dissolved many trade barriers. This was highly beneficial for agricultural interactions between the United States and Mexico. Roni Storjohann -
Freedom
in 1994 all South African countries were free from European take over
Stephanie Kepner -
Banking Crisis
With the help of the United States the Mexican economy is able to slightly recover and begin to restabilize. Roni Storjohann -
Central Asia
1996 - Taliban seize control of Kabul and introduce hard-line version of Islam, banning women from work, and introducing Islamic punishments, which include stoning to death and amputations.
Social Structures
Kevin Knoer -
Clinton Signs Declaration
Clinto signs a declaration with Mexican Presidet, Ernesto Zedillo. Thi committed the two nations to come together and creat a joint strategy for putting an end to drug trafficing. -
West Africa
Free Trade Association is established and working for almost all of West Africa now. -
AIDS central africa
The deadly disease, AIDS, begins to be a large leading cause in Africa. -
Central Asia
2001 October - US-led bombing of Afghanistan begins following the September 11 attacks on the United States. Anti-Taliban Northern Alliance forces enter Kabul shortly afterwards.
Conflict
Kevin Knoer -
North America
New Millennium starts off with 9/11/01 terrorist attacks on the USA Mitchel Dierickx -
latin america
US/Canadian military plot the overthrow of Haiti’s president Jean-Bertrand Aristide and send him into exile. Venezuela and Cuba create the Bolivarian Alliance (ALBA) between Caribbean and Latin American countries create by Venezuelan oil revenues, and Brazil emerges as world power, leading to the BRIC alliance with Russia, India and China.-allison coe -
self governing-helena-oceania
2005 A.D. most islands have become independent. The Marianas are considered self-governing yet under America's jurisdiction, and Tahiti is considered an over-seas French country. self-government brought stability for the different islands, while others turned to violence. -
Central Africa
Reports of widespread violence across the Northern Cetnral African sent many refugees to the neighboring Chad. More than 7000 people fled due to the crossfire between government troops and rebel forces. -
Middle East: Economic Systems: Creation, Expansion, Interaction
Oil prices began to increase caused by rising demands. This increase boosted the national incomes of major producing countries--Russia, Iran, and Saudia Arabia.
Jennah Davison -
Trade Central Africa
Central Africa traded with these areas during this time, Canada, Belgium, Indonesia, Spain, France, Italy, and Congo. -
North America
America elects it’s first African-American President Barack Obama Mitchel Dierickx -
Central Africa
The Central African Republic became the 4th country to join the UN's Peace Building Commission. -
Earthquake
Haiti experiences a 7.0 magnitude earthquake. This natural disaster caused more than 230,000 deaths and was one of the largest to ever devastate the Caribbean. -
North Africa 1900-Present
Environment: Like most regions in Africa, North Africa deals with scarce water, and bad land for farming and the continuing of desertification is a growing problem.
Cultures: After World War I, nationalist and anti-colonial movements begin in North Africa. Scholars and artist strive to define the culture of North Africa. -
North Africa contined
States: After ending European colonies, some North Africans move to countries that had once controlled them, like France.
Economic Systems: Most North African countries are in economic turmoil, with high inflation and unemployment.
Social Structures: Emancipation of women is questioned for the better, and for the worse. Equal rights for men and women is put into question and they are still fighting for equality. -
Eastern Africa Today
Although Ethiopia’s is run by a dictator by the name of Mengistu Haile Mariam, they are still working to become a better nation and to be more advanced. -
Haitian Earthquake
Haiti experiences a 7.0 magnitude earthquake. This natural disaster caused more than 230,000 deaths and was one of the largest to ever devastate the Caribbean.
ALLIE S -
Religions Central Africa
75% Traditional 15% Christian 10% Muslim -
Cena Africa
Today, many families are being forced out of their homes dueto civil war and many attacks. -
Global Connectivity Europe - Abigail
Since 1900, Europe has gone through intense social, political, and environmental changes. The most significant part has been its new connectivity to the rest of the world. Following the collapse of colonial imperialism, Europe has since moved on to being a leader in world relations and is a stalwart in world political organizations, such as the United Nations and NATO.
![1900s Caribbean [AM]](https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.timetoast.com/public/uploads/photo/2632685/image/e3628caff17c1df4dbc6dc065b8a31ac?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAJB6ZCNNAN7BE7WDQ%2F20241221%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20241221T081626Z&X-Amz-Expires=604800&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=943cae176d818a83d8f270ce2fcfb31f4ae93b1a426f41fe8dc99f11ec2f7c48)
![1920s Caribbean [AM]](https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.timetoast.com/public/uploads/photo/2632689/image/149b68c932bcb23c0556538b5917a073?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAJB6ZCNNAN7BE7WDQ%2F20241221%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20241221T081626Z&X-Amz-Expires=604800&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=a5fe221f5f114e0ca27700ab61b4ffc6284cd90e93115dbdc841a608aa83eca5)
![1930 Caribbean [AM]](https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.timetoast.com/public/uploads/photo/2632696/image/8de1812b6661bf5d81ae1abb551cf3ed?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAJB6ZCNNAN7BE7WDQ%2F20241221%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20241221T081626Z&X-Amz-Expires=604800&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=fdfa85b4f2364b8a9b2f77af5c18bdac83b1fcf127a0ee1426db0b699548b071)
![1937 Caribbean [AM]](https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.timetoast.com/public/uploads/photo/2632702/image/8c04ce932c680e3ae361fa558c7e2b53?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAJB6ZCNNAN7BE7WDQ%2F20241221%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20241221T081626Z&X-Amz-Expires=604800&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=c41bb907238bb1fff951b60ca38102361b7cc98d4ea3a4da696e677f222db8a2)
![1947 Caribbean [AM]](https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.timetoast.com/public/uploads/photo/2632707/image/91244b437ee52644d30e8fff62cd2344?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAJB6ZCNNAN7BE7WDQ%2F20241221%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20241221T081626Z&X-Amz-Expires=604800&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=0a307ce815ba2255b14bb6fbcc86fe0ed117051b63e5684ed990e62ac30fad76)
![1962 Caribbean [AM]](https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.timetoast.com/public/uploads/photo/2632725/image/51c0beb642473886f70e7e68fea1fc07?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAJB6ZCNNAN7BE7WDQ%2F20241221%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20241221T081626Z&X-Amz-Expires=604800&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=1fbe8335fdfb991a2c9b8a84b243b66e0bf6ba2ff66582f20585b0d0c7154d18)
![1965 Caribbean [AM]](https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.timetoast.com/public/uploads/photo/2632716/image/f254e838b74cd305784906929b58a027?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAJB6ZCNNAN7BE7WDQ%2F20241221%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20241221T081626Z&X-Amz-Expires=604800&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=e1b373cf16a6218532bdb192df886f25bc233a863407b19f4e73c8e0c81b94e7)
