-
Chinese dynasties (see Qing dynasty; CHIN)
New to Old:
Ming
Yuan
Song
Tang Dynasty (618-907): golden age in Chinese history, poetry, art, literature, and trade along the Silk Road. Sui Dynasty (581-618): reunified China after several centuries of division Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period (907-960): political fragmentation and warfare -
Period: to
Scientific Revolution (AM, EUR) 1540-1680
starting at 1650 for ease of view
Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton, who made groundbreaking advancements in the fields of astronomy, physics, and mathematics during this time.
Copernicus's publication of "On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres" in 1543 and Isaac Newton's publication of "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" in 1687. -
Period: to
Qing dynasty (CHIN) 1644-1912
It was founded by the Manchu ethnic group, who overthrew the preceding Ming Dynasty.- Five Dynasties and 10 Kingdoms
- Sui
- Tang
- Song
- Yuan
- Ming
- Qing
Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368): established by Kublai Khan, a Mongol ruler, and was the first foreign dynasty to rule
Song Dynasty (960-1279): Northern Song (960-1127) and Southern Song (1127-1279) periods. advancements in arts, sciences, and technology. -
Period: to
The Enlightenment (AM, EUR)
post scientific revolution 1540-1680s
John Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau
opposed tyranny and individual rights -
Enclosure acts (ENG)
till 1764
fenced off pieces of farmland- harsh agri laws
impoverished farmers and forced relocation to cities- pool of available labor
depletion of frests
roads and canals
iron and coal -
Montesquieu The Spirit of the Laws published (FR)
separation of powers: exec, legis, judicial -
Voltaire prominent (FR)
champions freedom of expression
enemy of organized religion
Candide- 1759
Letters Concerning the English Nation-1733 -
Period: to
Industrial Revolution (EUR)
coal and iron dominated
interchangeable parts
steamships, railroads
telegraph
factory system -
Jean Jacques Rousseau published Social Contract (SWIS)
Swiss born French author - 1762
contin of Locke's thinking that ordinary people deserved political power -
Founding Fathers prominent (AM)
TJ, GW, Ben Franklin, Thomas Paine (age of reason)
Am revol -
Period: to
American Revolution (AM)
sense of nationalism; spirit of capitalism; Enlightenment philosophy
Locke and Montesquieu shaped
France lent the US military aid and money ag the British -
Signing of Declaration of Independence (AM)
authored by Thomas Jefferson -
The Wealth of Nations published (SCOT)
as indust revoln began
free market capitalism
laissez faire
free trade liberalism
cruel on losing end
classical economists like John Stuart Mill- free market
invisible hand state directed capitalism in Germ and Japn- own pros and cons -
James Cook charted Aus and NZ (AUST/NZ)
home to Maori- English control; Brit took E Aus 1788
settler colony-- convicts from Eng and Ireland punished with transportation
also sent to New England and Carribean more commonly
miners and sheep farmers- large numbers
300k Aborigines in Australia deposed and drove into bush
Maori- musket wars and fought back -
Dream of the Red Chamber published (CHIN)
tragedy of 2 lovers
Cao Xueqin
published over time
Qing -
Steam engine invented (SCOT)
James Watt
machine power and factory production -
Coolie labor prominent (CHIN, IND, AM)
India and China
labor contracts they couldnt leave
shipped to Amer, Carrib
cheap labor
guano and rubber
Am and Canada w RR -
Period: to
Romanticism (AM, EUR, ME)
backlash against Enlightenment
emotion, individuality, imagination
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
William Blake- poetry green and pleasant land
idealized nature, industrialization as blight
Ottomans adopted European romanticism and realism-- also Arabic culture made itself felt simult
Wanderer Above the Mists - Caspar David Friedirch-- romantic -
Period: to
Nationalism emerges (EUR)
shared identity
rise of nation state
social contract-individual owed taxes and nation owed in return
Germ and Italians flared
Also Irish, Poles, E European, Balkan
militarism and ethnic clashes
social darwinism -
Estates General summoned by Louis XVI 16th (FR)
delegates from each estate - no compromise
10 years of revolution new National Assembly formed by third estate instead -
US Constitution signed (AM)
Constitutional Convention in 1787 to shape the govt
democratic republic with a federal govt sharing power with 13 states
3 branches montesquieu
exec (president)
legis (congress)
judic (supreme court) -
Declaration of rights of man and citizen (FR)
storming of bastille
Marquis de Lafayette (fought w washington, took advice from jefferson)
Liberty, equality, fraternity -
Period: to
French Revolution (FR)
socioeconomic gap between ordinary (third estate), elite+catholic clergy (first estate) and aristocracy (second estate)
unfair taxes
middle class frustrated
long term debt from american revolution
bankruptcy of government -
Period: to
Haitian Rebellion (FR)
only large scale slave revolte to succedd in New World
Francois toussaint l'ourveture
black washinton
Napolean sent a force to end rebellion
French lost to yellow fever -
Jacobins radicals led by Robespierre in power (FR)
executed Louis 16th and Marie Antoinette
created Committee of Punlic safety
draft
then reign of terror 1793-94
arrested 300k; killed 30-50k beheaded
1794- executed Robespierre -
A Vindication of the Rights of Women published (BRIT)
Mary Wollenstonecraft- women, like men had reason
equal rights Fr Revol-Olumpe de Gouge- Declar of Rights of Woman and the citizenness- prop rights in brit 1870; Germ 1900; France 1907 -
White Lotus Rebellion (CHIN)
again Quianlong emperor - reinforced confucian social stratification. cost of defending N and W frontiers- corrupt -
Rosetta Stone unearthed (EGY)
by Napolean' armies in Egypt
certain cultures and languages- Sanskrit predated oldest Judeo Christian Bible
extinction of species with fossils -
Malthus' Essay on Population published (ENG)
Thomas Malthus
poverty inevitable of popln grown
David Ricard's iron law of wages- employers will pay only what is needed to survive
to force to pay higher, fire, starve econ- dismal science -
Barbary States gain autonomous power (former OTT)
Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya ruled by Ottomans
raids from Barbary pirates embroiled US in Barbary Wars
US Marine hymn-- shores of Tripoli
provoked Fr colonization of Algeria in 1830 -
Canton trade port (CHI)
China designated cities and sold silver, porcelain, tea; accepted only silver in exchange. Imprudent sense of superiority China was Middle Kingdom and outsiders were barbarians -
Science of 1800s (EUR)
vaccinations- 1790s
antiseptic sterilization and anesthesia
childbirth less risky
infant mortality decreased
tropical quinine malaria- available
Lyell-- millions of years old and changin
Linnaean taxonomy
fossil record
theory of evol- Darwin 1859
Descent of Man 1871
1890s/1900s- Albert Einstein- theory of relativity
atomic science and quantum physics
Freud- psychology- 1900- interpretation of dreams -
Tech Inventions of 1800s (EUR)
telegraph- 1837
telephone- 1870
wireless radio- 1895 and 1901
steamboat- 1807
railroads- 1820s
internal combustion engine 1860-80 + automobile
lightbulbs- 1879
airplane- 1903
canning and refrigetors
concrete and steel construction- skyscrapers pioneered in chicago in 1880s
canals
buses and subways -
Finance innovations 1800 (EUR)
central banks to house national reserves and back currency
Bank of Eng, Bankd of Fr
limited liab corporations- pool resources- separate personal assets from investm
stock exhanges
London Stock - 1801
New York Stock- 1817
1800s insurance - Lloyds- protect life and health
gold standard= tying value country currency to gold not silver
Brit moved 1810
others silver or bimetalism
US adopted in 1900 gold standard -
Louisiana Purchase (US)
France was facing financial difficulties and could not afford to maintain its North American territories. In addition, France was also facing the possibility of war with Great Britain and did not want to risk losing its North American possessions to the British. The purchase was made by President Thomas Jefferson. 827,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River -
Napolean Bonaparte seized power as emperor (FR)
from ousting Robes Directory govt
dictatorship and crowned emperor
victories most powerful in Europe
couldn't counter British navy, guerilla Spain and defeated Invasion of Russia
Congress of Vienna 1814 peace restored -
Haitian Revolution
1791-1804
precedent for slave rebell
revol Fr, Neth, Denm illegal
Enlightenment
Brit- slave trade illegal 1807 all empire-slavery not banned till 1833 tho Brit convinced Eur and Am to outlaw
Sp and Port refused
Russ cont serfdom
Ame- Cuba and Brazil waited til 1883-1888 -
ukiyo-e woodblock painting (JAP)
Hokusai 36 Views of Mount Fuji-- The Great Wave Off The Coast of Kanagawa - and Hiroshige
influenced impressionism and post impressionism
time frame -
Period: to
Mexican War of Independence (MEX)
Miguel Hidalgo freedom from Spain called for
killed in 1811
Jose Maria Morelos
equal rights indians and mestizos, constitutional rule, liberation of slaves
Mexican repub in 1823 -
Congress of Vienna (EUR)
ended Napoleonic Wars
informal agreement among Europe's major regimes to preserve order -
Period: to
Countries freed by Boliver and de San Martin (LATAM)
freed Colombia, Panama, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Venezuela
also Southern Argentina and Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay -
Dutch East India Company in Indonesia (INDON)
Dutch admin since 1600
Brit govt stepped atfer 1799 when bankrupt
established Singapore- Burma fell -
Zulu Kingdom in S Afr (AFR)
Shaka chieftain united Bantu speaking Zulu in S Africa on edge of Dutch and British possessions into a single warlike tribe
wave of tribal migration throughou S afr
zulu War of 1879 finally peace -
Ashanti Kingdom military build up (AFR)
in W Africa's gold coast/Ghana
financed participation in slave trade
threatened Eur outposts
resist Euro Am attempts to detroy slave trade
Brit in series of Wars -
Social Impact of Industr (EUR)
middle class benefited
traditional aristocracy diminished
working class- proletariat- heaviest burden- badly treated and compens
low wages- 14h/day, 6 days a week
no pensions, safety laws, insurance, child labor
standard of living rose in 1850s
bus, streetlights, canned food, vaccination, refrigeration, sewage, plumbing, steam heating
unions grew in late 1800s- legal status, Brit Labor Party, Fr Radicals, Germ Social Democratic parties -
Big Cities of 1800s (EUR)
175->186m in 1800
266m in 1850
423m in 1900
1800- London 1 mill mark; Paris in 1830
Liverpool and Manchester- indsutr revol
Engalnd and Wales urban- 50% or more in cities
25% fr and germ -
Period: to
Greek War of Independence (GR)
future nationalism in Balkan Christians
Brit and Fr intervened
anti Turkish -
Monroe Doctrine (US)
US warned Europe about intervening in W political affairs
dominant in americas
economic imperialism in Latam
Carrib and Phillip ownership and protection -
Period: to
Opium Wars in China (CHIN)
Brit and US embarked on econ imperialism flood China with opium from British India. Addictive. Qing begged to stop. Unequal treaties; surrendered Hong Kong to British
foreign concessions
more ports, lower tariffs
legalized opium
1 and 2 -
Period: to
Realism (AM, EUR)
everyday problems, social problems, psychology
Victor Hugo and Charles Dickens
social miseries industrial era -
Mexican American War (MEX)
US seized terr from Mex during Texas rebellion of 1830s and war ensued
in which Mexico ceded a significant portion of its territory to the United States, including present-day California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming. -
Indian Removal Act (US)
Battle of Tippecanoe- setback for Tecumseh's rebellion - 1811
Andrew Jackson, pushed tribes W of Mississippi
reservation treaties
1890 massacre of Nat Am at wounded knee- by US desire for hold in Black Hills sioux -
Communist Manifesto written (PRUSSIA)
Karl Marx and Frederich Engels
demands of ordinary ppl to be taken seriously-learned from French revolution -
Communism emerges (GERM)
Karl Marx and Fredrich Engels
the Communist Manifesto 1848
Das Kapital 1867-1894
all historical dev by a class strggle between upper class and lower class
age of industr capt- bourgeoisie and working class proletariat final stage before socialism
communism- perfect justice, equality, propserity
revolution needed -
1848 Seneca Falls Convention
Decl of Sentiments-- better working cond for women, child welfare, temperance
no countr vote until late WW1 or after
Norw, Finl, Aus, NZ, handful US exceptions cult of domesticity-womens place in home -
Ethiopia expelled Portugese and didn't colonize (AFR)
coptic christian
military modernization
warded off Eur invasion
beat Italians in a war -- a setback of Eur power -
Conservatism vs Liberalism (EUR)
Congress of Vienna
Edmund Burke
vs
Adam Smith free market capitalism- classical econ
John Stuart Mill England -
Young Turks in Ottoman Empire (OTT)
trying to keep country on part with Europe tech wise
Ottomanism- mid to late 1800s
Turkish nationalism
prejudice ag non Muslim minorities and armenian Christians -
Dutch E India and Brit E India folded (EUR)
after Indian rebellion 1850s
Siez Canal emerged in 1858 France -
Diasporas in 1800s
Asians in Aus
Japan agr in Pacific- Hawaii and W coast
Chinese RR and guano in am
Lebanese merch in Am
Ital in N Am and Argentina
Irish in N Am
Chin in SE Asia
Indians in E Afr, S Afr, Carrib -
Monocultural crops and resource extr (EUR, AM, AS)
Erie Canal - 1825; US
Suez Canal - 1869; Egypt
Panama Canal - 1914 cotton in US, Eg, C Asia, Ind
palm oil- W Afr
silk- Chin
coffee- Latam, afr, S Asia
tea- Chin/Ind
fruit- AFr/Latam
rubber- Afr, SE as, South am mining for coal, iron, gold diamonds-- Afr, Yukon, Alaska, Siberia
petroleum- Am, midd ea, SE As -
Vaccination, germ theory (EUR, AM, AS)
tropical diseases- cures and treatment for
malaria, yellow fever- sleeping sickness crowding worsened disease- industr age
smallpox bad but worst were cholera and tuberculosis -
Period: to
Taiping Rebellion (CHIN)
second deadliest after WWII took 20-30 mill lives. Hong Xiuquan- visions he was Jesus's younger borther- heavenly kingdom taiping. Modern army- against Qing emperor high taxes and oppression -
Indian Revolt (IND)
false rumors sapoy cartridges with pig fat. Delhi proclaimed Mughal sultan emperor
Cawnpore- british civilians
Muslim and Hindi failed to cooperate
British- ended Mughal dynasty formally. last rebel- Rani of Jhansi
Brit crown took over then -
Period: to
India British Crown Empire (IND)
taken from E India Company after revolts -
British Raj -> British India (IND)
When British East India Company controled India
Queen Elis 1 charter
ceased to exist in 1858
1600-1858
Till 1947 Indep.
native artisans and cottage industry->replaced by cotton industry, tea, spices, opium
built schools, RR, telegraphs and food distr but for own benefit
trained native elites
Mughal rulers as bureacrats keep thrones, zamindars as landowners and sepoys trained in W style
Company artists defeated Mysore, Maratha, Sikhs- expanded inward
undermined caste and reduced hindu muslim -
Unification of Italy (IT)
time frame
parliamentary monarchy
nationalism -
Zanzibar hub E Afr (AFR)
spices, sugar, cloves for Indian ocean trade network
hub for E African slave trade
Omani capital in 1840 and promoted to status of sultanate in 1861
controlled E Afr coast -
Mughal Empire fractured ~ (IND)
Sikh state Punjab broke away
Hindu Maratha empire broke away
Muslim state Mysore won freedom -
Alexander II modernizes Russia (RUS)
great reforms
emancipated serfs 1861
after Crimean War 1853
Nicolas II- followed and lost in Russo Japanese War 1904-05 -
US Civil War (US)
1861-65 persistence of slavery in American south
Nat Turner slave revolt 1831
Abolitionist John Brown Harpers Ferry 1859
split betwn N and S
agreed to outlaw international trade not slavery itself
slavery illegal after this war -
Emancipation of serfs (RUSS)
Alex II
serfdom holding back modernization -
HSBC (CHIN, BRIT)
Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking company- opened by Brit- special privel after optium wars
banknotes issues in Brit poss
Brit informal influence over Asia -
Austro Hungarian Empire (AH)
created from Prussia -
Tokugawa Shogunate and Meiji Restoration (JAP)
1853 tried to destroy urbanization and keep dictatorial strat with samurai. Commodore Matthew Perry- forced to open trade.
Japan stood up- Meiji restoration began modernization imperial power- most successful non Western
sent ppl to study in Europ-econ, eng, mililt
lower classes sim to europe- sweatshops, low wages
abolished samurai status
Western middle class emerged -
African slave trades (AFR)
E Afr- Arab run fueled demand for cloves and sugar
40% of E Afr plant enslaved
abolition took decades- W govts, missionary- Scott David Livingstone
closing slave market Zanzibar
certain countries profited-financial slump
more vulnerable to foreign takeover
reduction of other traditional trade networks
wars and animosities betw groups W nations- Atlantic trade- sugar cult in Lat am and carrib- cotton in US
12 mill victimized 1400-1800
2 mill 19th centr
Brazil, Cuba, Carrib, small in US smuggled -
Period: to
Second Industrial Revolution (EUR)
Bessemer process (1850) cost effective prod of steel
electricity 1830s
petroleum 1859
chemical industry- vulcanization no rubber melting
concrete and steel consturtion
telephone
radio
airplane
cars -
Unification of Germany by Prussia (GERM)
Franco Prussian War
Germany shared power with Reichstag -
Panic of 1873 (EUR)
Panic of 1873- Germ conversion to Gold standard- drop in silver value- affected mining, rr- Long Depression 1873-1890 -
Ottoman Empire weakened (OTT)
Sultan Abdul Hamid II proclaimed constitution to share power with elected legislature
Young Turks- more power
Ottomans committed anti Christian atrocities
Ottoman control over North Africa weakened
end with WWI alliance with Germany -
Period: to
Balkan Crisis (EUR)
Bulgaria, Serbia, others revolted ag economically harsh policies -
Dowager Empress Cixi in power (CHIN)
marked by both modernization efforts and resistance to foreign influence. She supported the construction of railroads, telegraph lines, and modern naval ships, but also opposed attempts to open China to foreign trade and influence. Her policies were often criticized for being conservative and obstructing progress -
French colonize Indochina (INDOCH)
Viet, Cambodia, Laos
religious conversion
exclusively Cahtolic
Siam/Thailand avoided colonization-- good emperor; buffer zone; modernized -
Period: to
Scramble for Africa (AFR, EUR)
Began by Bismark at Berlin Conference 1884
no relation to traditional demarcations
greed Independent: Ethiopia, Liberia
GB: mostly NE Africa: Nigeria, Egypt, Sudan, Uganda, E Africa, Gold Coast, Sierra Leone, Gambia
France: mostly NW Africa, Algeria, Morocco, Equatorial Afr
Portugal: Guinea in NW, Mozambique in SE
Belgium: congo in middle
Germany: SE Africa and South W Africa, Cameroon, Togoland
Italy: Libia in N and Italian Somaliland in E, Eritrea
Spain: Rio de Oro in NW and Spanish Guinea -
Period: to
Modernism (AM, EUR)
Van Gogh, Picasso
broke traditional culture, dazzling new styles
impressionism, post impressionism, cubism, abstraction
Asian and African art influenced
Africa's non representational art- primitivism
blended with indigenous styles -
Triple Alliance formed (EUR)
Germany and Austria and Italy -
Chinese Exclusion Act (US)
quota systems
suspended chinese immig for 10 years, renewed in 1900- yellow peril
taking jobs from whites sim White Australian Policy- immigr restr of 1901 -
Otto Von Bismark (GERM)
state-directed industrialization -
Indian National Congress formed (IND)
national liberation movements
British educated elites- backfired
elite ideas
civil rights -
Spanish American War (PHIL)
S.E. Asia US annexation of Phillip
forfeited after war
US proclaimed benevolent assimilation and took possession
led to Philippine American War- guerilla forced led by Emilio Aguinaldo -
Constitution of 1890 (JAP)
created elected parliament, Diet, Civil Code of 1898
bad lower class working conditions
5% of popln could vote
no rights of women -
Revisionism emerges (GERM)
Legal ways to bring about socualism trade union activism
social democratic parties founded in Fr and Germ before WW1
Mensheviks-- communists who favored gradual change and working within system VS Bolsheviks: faster change and rev action -
Dreyfus Affair (FR)
govt falsely blamed Jewish officer for leaking military secrets to Germany -
Sino-Japanese War (CHIN, JAP)
Japan thrashed China, occupied Korea and Taiwan.
Open door policy- equal access to Chinese markets -
US annexes Hawaiian Kingdom
King Kamehameha- used W weaponry to conquer islands and forge into 1
constitutional monarchy produced sugar and fruits
China and Japan came to work
attacked by Fr, led it to ask for Am protection
US recognized as indedo
Queen Liliuokalani wanted to amend constit ag US interests- overthrown
annexed HI -
White Man's Burden published (EUR)
Rudyard Kipling
english-- duty to teach and modernize Africa and Asia
French- mission civalitrice
social darwinism -
Boer War (Dutch Afr, BRIT)
Brit used concentration camps to keep civilians from supporting Boer Dutch Afrikanners
Germanys sympathy for Boers -
United Fruit Company (US)
Latin Am- US corporation
Costa Rica, Central America, Ecuador, Colombia, Carrib
cash crop monoculture
bananas
RR building and shipping
derisive banana republic- monoculture econ in tropics- economic imperialism also latin- mining for copper and guano (fert)
also fruits, coffee, rubber -
US Built Panama Canal (US)
regional infl in Latam -
Utopian socialism emerges (EUR)
Govt and business owners forgo profits to pay workers better
Robert Owen- Welsh -
Herero Wars (GERM, AFR)
Germ concentration camps ag SW Africa Herero natives
early instance genocide -
Russo Japanese War (JAP, RUSS)
most important conflict in modern era where Non Western state defeated a European power
Japan got more terr -
Triple Entente formed (EUR)
Britain partnered with Franco-Russian alliance
France bitter about loss in Franco Prussian War 187--- created modern Germany and Italian unification
aligned with Russia which viewed Aus as a threat in Balkans
Britain- uncommitted bc of Great Game (C Asia) conflict with Russia - Germ threatened navy in Africa.- joined too -
Period: to
Mexican Revolution (MEX)
Juarez land reform and separation church and state, equal treatment
Porfirio Diaz took over
rev forced out -
Boxer Rebellion ends Qing (CHIN)
Yihetuan revolt- rebels martial artists- Western forces quashed the uprising against Qing. considered reform, Cixi's son failed to support. regime ended in 1912. Now Chinese Republic -
Company style art and Gateway to India (IND)
fusion of cultures Brit E India Company- company style blended with Mughals
Then built gateway in Mumbai to celebrate British imperial control over India