-
Free Enterprise
Free enterprise is an economic system where private business operates in competition and largely free of state control. The U.S principles of free enterprise includes the freedom to choose our businesses, the right to private property, and the profit motive. The roots of free enterprise in America comes from the Enlightenment, along with Adam Smith and expanded because of the Industrial Revolution. -
Period: to
Transforming the West
Ranching and mining, and agricultural growth all began to boost the West's economy, drawing in settlers. Especially with many discoveries of minerals like gold so far out West and the Homestead Act. Government played a significant role in the expansion of farming, along with railroads, and technology. The achievement of westward expansion is tempered by the treatment of Native Americans and the exploitation of the land. -
The Homestead Act
This act, was passed by Abraham Lincoln to encourage western migration by providing 160 acres of public land to anyone willing to settle, including freed slaves. The only catch was that in exchange, homesteaders paid a small fee and were required to be a resident for five years before receiving full ownership of the land.
-Over 15,000 homestead claims were established by the end of the Civil War and years after.
-Nearly 10% of U.S land was given away to 1.6 million homesteaders. -
Union Pacific Rail Road
This railroad was built in the West, going towards the East to meet with the Central Pacific railroad in Utah to create the first transcontinental railroad in North America. It led to booming economies, a new form of transportation, and the creation of time zones. The railroad was mainly built by Chinese and Irish laborers who were exploited, worked in terrible conditions while being payed small wages and many died. -
Chinese Worker Exploitation
Chinese immigrants worked as laborers, mostly on the transcontinental railroad (Central Pacific Railroad) and in the mining industry, doing most of the hard work and were treated very poorly. They went through horrible working conditions and weren't paid well (cheap Chinese labor). Chinese Americans suffered racial discrimination throughout the U.S. They were eventually banned from migrating to the U.S because they were taking up many jobs and land, according to the white man. -
Period: to
Becoming An Industrial Power
The United States underwent an economic transformation by the maturing the industrial economy, rapidly expanding big business, and developing large-scale agriculture. Also, the rise of national labor unions following the civil war petroleum refining, steel manufacturing, and electrical power, emerged the creation of railroads and national markets. -
Laissez Faire
French for 'let do', Laissez Faire was an economic system where transactions between private parties are free from government intervention such as regulation, privileges, tariffs, and subsidies. This is one of the guiding principles of capitalism and to a free market economy. -
Red River War
Occurred between Texans and Native Americans in Oklahoma. The Southern Plain Natives were upset over illegal white settlement on their territory and the devastating buffalo hunting. This all led to Natives attacking white settles but being defeated in less than a few months. Texas victory wiped out all Native resistance on the Southern Plains.
-Neither side suffered terrible casualties.
-Most of the "battles" were small. -
The Battle of Little Bighorn
George Custer, wanting to be seen as a hero, led an armed force of 250 men near the Little Bighorn River in Montana and they all died. Custer underestimated the size of the Native forces (Sioux). The media, of course, portrayed Custer as a hero and with his overwhelming defeat, the battle was seen as another excuse for white settlement to continue. -
Period: to
The Gilded Age
A period of time where there was huge conflicts between business and labor. Monopolies came to rise as well as Robber Barons. Many strikes were organized due to unfair working conditions, low wages, and long work days. The steel, oil, and railroad industries were at an all time high being controlled by Robber Barons like Andrew Carnegie and John Rockefeller. -
Ghost Dance
Spiritual movement that resisted white rule. It was associated with Jack Wilson's (Wovoka's), a Paiute shaman, prophecy of a flood that would wash away whites and end their expansion, thus returning the land to Native Americans. This "religion" also preached goals of clean, honest living, and cross-cultural cooperation.
-Military leaders saw this as a threat because it united Native Americans. -
Slums
"A squalid and overcrowded urban street or district inhabited by very poor people." Slum life in the Gilded Age grew rapidly in places like New York City. Disposable containers like plastic bottles contributed to waste disposal becoming a huge problem, crime rose, the population was expanding to fast for sanitary facilities to keep up, and impure water, garbage, and bad hygiene contributed all contributed to the image and stench of the slums. -
Chinese Exclusion Act
This was the first law restricting immigration into the U.S and it was specific to Chinese people. With this act, they could not migrate immigrate to the U.S for the next 10 years. Many Americans were upset that Chinese workers were taking up land and jobs, so they were discriminated against in all levels of society, even churches. This is what led to the act being passed. -
The Kodak Camera
Created by George Eastman, the Kodak camera was the first major step into modern photography. Allowing us to capture moments in history and became vital to education and communication. The Kodak was a simple box camera that came with Eastman's creation: an exposure roll of film. -
Haymarket Riot
A protest rally in Haymarket Square in Chicago, turned into a riot after someone through a bomb at police. It started as peaceful rally in support of workers striking for an eight-hour day and in reaction to the killing of several workers the previous day by the police. A least 8 people died on this day. The Knights of Labor were blamed for the incident. -
The Great Upheaval of 1886
A wave of strikes and labor protests all over the United States. Thousands of laborers organized strikes to combat unfair working conditions, pay cuts to already low wages, and long work days. When several workers were killed at a protest in Chicago, the Haymarket Riot was caused. It was planned to be a peaceful protest for the killed strikers but when someone threw a bomb at the police, it turned into a riot. -
Interstate Commerce Commission
The Interstate Commerce Act created the Interstate Commerce Commission (its an agency) as the first attempt to control big business by regulating private industry in the U.S. The ICC made special business deals illegal but was unsuccessful. It was weak and deemed unconstitutional by SCOTUS. -
YMCA
The Young Men's Christian Association was founded in London, England, by George Williams, in response to unhealthy social conditions arising in the big cities. The first YMCA in America was founded in Boston, MA by Thomas Valentine Sullivan. YMCA's had housing, libraries, and kitchens, as well as places for other activities. -
Dawes Severalty Act
The Dawes Act ended community ownership of land by tribes and divided it into pieces to be owned by individual Native Americans. It was intended to turn Native Americans into farmers and landowners by giving cooperating families 160-320 acres of reservation land for farming or grazing. Also, it was a way to reduce the Natives traditional ways of life.
This act was a failure because the pieces for land wee too small to sustain agriculture by people who were already unfamiliar with it. -
Philanthropy
1) It is an idea, event, or action that is done to better humanity (can involve some sacrifice) and is not done for a profit motive. 2) giving money for a purpose or cause benefiting people who you don't personally know. In regards to history, philanthropy is stemmed from religion. But from this time period, is where modern, organized philanthropy comes in. Example: 1890 Mary Elizabeth Garret funded the John Hopkins Medical School. -
Sherman Antitrust Act
First act made by Congress that made trusts illegal; "a federal law prohibiting any contract, trust, or conspiracy in restraint of interstate or foreign trade." It was unsuccessful at first and a useless way to combat monopolies.
-It eventually became successful. -
Social Darwinism
A term used to refer to theories that applied the evolutionary concept of natural selection to human society. Alternatively, it was a way for white supremacist to run with the belief that white, wealthy, Anglo-Saxon Americans were biologically superior to other groups. -
Mandatory Public Schooling
Until the 1840's the school system was unorganized until the 1840s. Education reformers began calling for public education systems and by 1900, 31 states required children form ages 8-14 to attend school. Schools were mainly established to assimilate child immigrants into American society, while education them. -
The Bicycle Craze
Times marked by increased bicycle enthusiasm, popularity, and sales. In the 1890's women were gaining more freedom and as a way to get around they rode bikes. Many used their bikes as transportation to work, as well as to theater shows and other events downtown. -
Silver Act
The Sherman Silver Purchase Act required the U.S to purchase twice as much silver than before and added to the amount of money already in circulation. It was passed as a way to resolve deflation and promote economic expansion, but the act failed to achieve these goals. Believed to have cause the Panic of 1893. -
The Significance of Booker T. Washington
As an educator, reformer, and very influential black leader, Washington preached about self help, racial solidarity and accommodation. He urged blacks to accept discrimination for the time being and concentrate on elevating themselves through hard work and material prosperity. In the progressive era, he fought racism against blacks. He founded Tuskegee University in 1881. -
Period: to
Imperialism
American imperialism dates back to the early-1800s when Americans began moving West and claiming lands that had been occupied by Native Americans. For this time period, though U.S Imperialism came as we acquired Hawaii, the policing of Latin America, and power through trading with China. -
Period: to
The Progressive Era
Progressivism began as a social movement and grew into a political movement. It covered social reform issues relating to female suffrage, education, working conditions, unionization, the problems of urbanization, industrialization and child labor. -
Coca-Cola
Coke was invented by John Pemberton in the late 19th century, in Atlanta, as a way to finally gain commercial success. He created a flavor syrup and mixed it with carbonated water. Pemberton developed a morphine addiction, got sick, and began to sell off parts of the successful company.
-Coca-Cola was first made for Pemberton himself as a way to deal with his addiction, and even experimented adding cocaine to it. -
Depression of 1893
One of the most serious and major depressions in the history of the U.S. It was caused by the collapse of railroad overbuilding and shaky railroad financing which set off a series of bank failures.
-1895, J.P. Morgan & Co. led a bond offering that helped rescue the United States from a severe two-year economic depression. -
City Beautiful Movement
A reform that wanted to make America more appealing by better architecture and urban planning. The influence w\of the movement was mostly in cities, Chicago and Washington D.C. for example. The movement first became recognized when the World's Columbian Expositions in 1893, in Chicago. The "White City" was a semi-utopia shielded from poverty and crime and brought a pleasing aesthetic to America. Public parks and skyscrapers were a long-term result of this movement. -
Worlds Columbian Exposition
A world fair held in Chicago to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in 1492.The exposition had a profound effect on architecture, sanitation, and the arts & was attended by more than 27 million people. Covering more than 600 acres, the exposition was designed by John Wellborn Root, Daniel Burnham, Frederick Law Olmsted and Charles B. Atwood. Led to the start of the City Beautiful Movement . -
Klondike Gold Rush
The last great gold rush to occur, but was hard to find. Thousands of people flocked to Canada after gold was discovered in the Klondike mining distinct. Over 100,000 people went finding gold, but only a few hundred actually became wealthy from completing the harsh and strenuous journey. -
Spoils System
**Used by McKinney who won the election of 1896.
In politics, a spoils system (also known as a patronage system) is a practice in which a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its supporters, friends and relatives as a reward for the victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party.The term was derived from the phrase "to the victor belongs the spoils" by William L. Marcy, referring to the victory of Andrew Jackson in the election of 1828. T -
Battle of Manila Bay
Taking place during the Spanish-American War, this battle was a victory for the U.S. It was the first major battle.The American Asiatic Squadron under Commodore George Dewey engaged and destroyed the Spanish Pacific Squadron under Contraalmirante (Rear admiral) Patricio Montojo. -
Treaty of Paris 1898
An agreement made in 1898 that involved Spain relinquishing nearly all of the remaining Spanish Empire, especially Cuba, and ceding Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States. Also it officially ended the Spanish-American War. -
Open Door Policy
A U.S sponsored agreement to open the Chinese market to everyone. A 'non-established" right to trade with no taxes, and it stopped European colonization in China. The Chinese people were very angry at this policy. -
Boxer Rebellion
A Chinese secret organization called the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists led an uprising in northern China against the spread of Western (American) influence there, and was secretly funded by China. Mainly was retaliation against the Open Door Policy that place in China. The response of the U.S and European powers to being targeted was to go in and rescue their people and assure China we would not takeover the country. -
The Wizard of Oz: Book & Movie
The movie was based on a children's book, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum. In 1939, the movie was created staring Judy Garland, and is one of the most well known movies of the 20th century.
Plot: Dorothy and her dog Toto, are caught in a tornado and end up in the land of Oz. Here she meets some supernatural friends and enemies in her journey to meet the Wizard of Oz who everyone says can help her return home. -
Election of 1900
Republican President William McKinley defeated his Democratic challenger, William Jennings Bryan in a rematch of the 1896 election. McKinley was assassinated in 1901, and Theodore Roosevelt became president. -
Theodore Roosevelt
After the assassination of William McKinney in 1901, Roosevelt became the youngest president of the United States. A famous trust buster and animal lover (thank him for teddy bears) and mediator of strikes, Teddy made public interest his top priority. He did a lot for the imperialism of America, like acquiring the policing of Latin America, but also with his foreign policy. "Speak softly and carry a big stick..." -
Platt Amendment
This amendment was passed as part of the Army Appropriations Bill, and essentially gave the United States permission to intervene in Cuban affairs. It specified seven conditions for the withdrawal of United States troops remaining in Cuba at the end of the Spanish–American War, and an eighth condition that Cuba sign a treaty accepting these seven conditions. -
The Nobel Peace Price
The Nobel Peace Prize is one of the five Nobel Prizes created by Alfred Nobel. The first award went to Henry Dunant, the founder of the Red Cross in 1901. Theodore Roosevelt won it in 1906 as president. -
Bolsheviks
In Russian, this term stands for "One of the Majority". Bolsheviks were members of the majority faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party, which was renamed the Communist Party after seizing power in the October Revolution of 1917. They considered themselves the leaders of the revolutionary working class of Russia.
-Founded by Vladimir Lenin and Alexander Bogdanov. -
Pure Food and Drug Act
This act was established to prevent the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated or poisonous or deleterious foods, drugs, medicines, and liquors. Upton Sinclair, a Muckraker, wrote a book called The Jungle, which documented the dirty conditions of rat-infested meat factories. Due to his work, the Meat Inspection Act was signed into law on the same day as the Pure Food and Drug Act. -
Gentlemen's Agreement
An agreement between the United States and Japan in that represented an effort by President Theodore Roosevelt to calm growing tension between the two countries over the immigration of Japanese workers. It was never written into law, but was regarded as such. -
Henry Ford
Henry Ford is the founder of the Ford Motor Company, and the sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production. He didn't event both, but revolutionized them. He set out to create an automobile that was inexpensive and made by skilled workers making high wages. **The Model T car revolutionized transportation and the America Industry. -
Big Stick Policy
This refers to President Roosevelt's foreign policy, "Speak softly and carry a big stick." That statement means to be calm and peacefully in terms of negotiating and dealing with foreign powers, so long as you have a powerful army to back you up. -
Angel Island
Off the coast of California, the island opened as a way to identify immigrants. Thousands of Chinese immigrated after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, along with Japanese people also. It was the Ellis island of the West coast. -
17th Amendment
This amendment allowed the common people to vote to elect senators. Americans did not directly vote for senators for the first 125 years of the Federal Government. "The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote." -
The Federal Reserve Act
It was created by the Congress to provide the nation with a safer, more flexible, and more stable financial system. The act established the Federal Reserve System and created the authority to issue money to use as legal tender. We still have this today. -
Panama Canal
It is an artificial 77 km waterway in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean. Overseen by President Roosevelt, the creation of the Canal provides the world's shippers, retailers, manufacturers and consumers with greater shipping options, and better maritime service. The Canal was mainly an alternative to sailing around South America. -
Schlieffen Plan
The Schlieffen Plan was the German army's plan for war against France and Russia.I was basically their way of avoiding a two front war because they were surrounded by enemies.The execution of the Schlieffen Plan led to Britain declaring war on Germany on August 4th, 1914. -
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
A terrorist organization called the Black Hand, made plans to assassinate Archduke while on an official trip to Bosnia from Austria Hungary. A once failed attempt, turned into a member of the Black Hand, Gavrilo Princip, finding the opportunity to murder Ferdinand and his wife, they died by fatal gunshot wounds. This mans death is why WWI began. -
Ludlow Massacre
It was an attack by the Colorado National Guard and Colorado Fuel & Iron Company camp guards on a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners and their families at Ludlow, Colorado. About two dozen people, including miners' wives and children, were killed. The chief owner of the mine, John D. Rockefeller, was criticized for the incident. -
Period: to
World War I
The "War to End All Wars" was one of the most devastating wars the world has seen. It began as a result of one mans death, which led to the country of Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia. Russia joined, forcing to Germany to declare war and overtime, France, Italy, Great Britain, America, Japan, and several other countries joined the war. The war was divided into the Western (trenches) and Easter (traditional) fronts. More than 70 million soldiers were mobilized, and tens of millions died. -
The Zimmerman Telegram
It was a secret diplomatic communication issued from the Germans that proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico in the prior event of the United States entering World War I against Germany. German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmermann offered a great deal of financial support along with Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico if they won the war. -
Espionage Act
Declared that is was a crime to obstruct military recruitment, encourage mutiny, and spread lies. -
Sedition Act
This act extended the Espionage Act and stated that notable speech and the expression of opinion that cast the government or the war effort in a negative light or interfered with the sale of government bonds was a punishable offense. This was during the WWI when America officially joined the war. -
How Much Did WWI Cost?
About 186 billion in direct costs and another $151 billion in indirect costs. It cost the United States approximately 32 billion, which was 52% of gross national product at the time. Allied Powers put together about 126 billion, and the Axis powers about 61 billion. -
Casualties of WWI
The total number of military and civilian casualties were over 41 million. Specifically to soldiers, the U.S lost 116,500, Britain: 122K, France 1,3 million, Germany 1.8 million, and Russia 1.7 million. -
Spanish Flu Death Toll
One of the deadliest pandemics in history that affected approximately 500 million people worldwide. It killed an estimated 20-50 million people, 675,000 being Americans. More people died from the flu than WWI itself. It was first observed in Europe, the United States and parts of Asia before swiftly spreading around the world. At the time, there were no effective drugs or vaccines to treat this killer flu strain. -
18th Amendment
Prohibited the sale, manufacturing, transportation of alcohol. This was caused mostly by the Temperance movement, in which women pushed for the ban of alcohol due to the reckless behavior it would cause their husbands to act on, like abuse. -
Treaty of Versailles
This treaty officially ended WWI and was signed by France, Italy, Britain and the U.S on the 5 anniversary of Archduke Ferdinand's assassination. The terms of the treaty crippled Germany's economy and made them take full responsibility of the war. This outraged Germans and will later lead to WWII. -
Volstead Act
It provided for the enforcement of the 18th Amendment, which was prohibition (banning the production, distribution, and transportation of alcohol). Both were repealed in the 1930's with the 21st amendment. -
The Loss Generation
The generation that came of age during World War I. The term refers to the loss of innocence in society after WWI. 1883-1900 are the birth years for this generation. -
19th Amendment
This granted women the right to vote. "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex." Women finally had a voice in politics. -
Cost of Cars in the 20's
In 1900 a car, cost over $1,000. Henry Ford's original Model-T (1908) cost $850, but by 1924 the price dropped dramatically only $265 because of the assembly line. Over the century, the real price of a car fell by 50%. -
Silent Films
In early modern theater, films had no synchronized sound. In silent films , the dialogue is transmitted through muted gestures, mime and title cards with a written indication of the plot or key dialogue. The vast majority of the silent films produced in the late 19th and early 20th century no longer exist, 70% of American silent feature films are believed to be lost. -
Radio
The U.S radio industry began in 1913 when American engineer, Edwin Armstrong, invented a special circuit that made long-range radio transmission of voice and music practical. Most believe that radio broadcasting began in 1920 with KDKA. The public was overcome by a radio craze after the initial broadcast. Radio became a product of the mass market. Between 1923 and 1930, 60 percent of American families purchased radios, bringing about many cultural and social changes. -
Louis Armstrong and Jazz
Considered to be one of the most influential jazz artists in history, Armstrong was a trumpeter, bandleader, singer, soloist, film star and comedian. He is known for songs like "Star Dust," "La Vie En Rose" and "What a Wonderful World." His career spanned from the 1920's to the 1960's. -
Al Capone
Alphonse Gabriel Capone was born poor in Brooklyn, NY. He grew up to become the most infamous gangster in American history. During the 1920's Capone's multi-million dollar, organized crime operations consisted of bootlegging, prostitution, and gambling. HE was the leader of the gang, Chicago Outfit during Prohibition and was responsible for many deaths. Including the St. Valentine's Day Massacre. -
The Black Power Movement :)
A political movement meant to achieve a form of Black Power in the United States. In the 20's the Great Migration (blacks leaving the South to go North) sparked a cultural phenomenon called the Black Renaissance in Harlem. A major part of the movement was the Black Panther Party for Self Defense, formed to protect black individuals from police brutality and white supremacist (if there was even a distinction between the two at this time). -
Period: to
1920's
Directly after the Great War (WWI), the 20's was an age of dramatic social, cultural, and political change.More Americans lived in cities than ever before, while alcohol and sexual liberation swept the country giving the decade its name: The Roaring 20's. -
Teapot Dome Scandal
Also called the Oil Reserve Scandal, it was a scandal surrounding the secret leasing of federal oil reserves by the secretary of the interior, Albert Bacon Fall. Fall was the first individual to be convicted of a crime committed while a presidential cabinet member. -
American Indian Citizenship Act
With this act, Congress granted citizenship to all Native Americans born in the U.S. About 125,000 to 300,000 indigenous people. Before, they could only be granted citizenship by entering armed forces, giving up all tribal affiliations, and assimilating into the American way of life.
-In some places though, even after the act was passed, Native Americans still didn't have the right to vote. -
St. Valentine's Day Massacre
On Valentine's day in Chicago, seven men were murdered (shot to death) by several other men dressed as police officers. Five who were North Side Gang members, two were affiliates. Al Capone is widely considered to be responsible for the orchestrating murders. -
Black Tuesday
The day when share prices on the New York Stock Exchange collapsed, becoming a huge factor in the emergence of the Great Depression. Investors traded a record 16.4 million shares. They lost $14 billion on the New York Stock Exchange, worth $199 billion in 2017 dollars. -
Period: to
The Great Depression
wow. i just learned we don't have to give a description for these. -
Agricultural Adjustment Act
Designed to boost agricultural prices by reducing surpluses. The Government bought livestock for slaughter and paid farmers subsidies not to plant part of their land.
-Passed as a part of FDR's New Deal -
Emergency Relief Act
Implemented President FDR's first major initiative to combat the adverse economic and social effects of the Great Depression. The Federal Emergency Relief Administration was established because of it, but later replaced by the Works Progress Admin. -
Glass Steagall Act
It separated commercial and investment banking into four sections, preventing commercial Federal Reserve member banks from: dealing in non-governmental securities for customers,
investing in non-investment grade securities for themselves,
underwriting or distributing non-governmental securities, and
affiliating (or sharing employees) with companies involved in such activities. -
20th Amendment
Decided the terms of the President and VP. The terms of the President and Vice President end noon, January 21st. Terms of Senators and Representatives end noon, January 3rd. VP becomes President if anything happens to current President. -
Civilian Conservation Corps
A relief program that gave millions of young men employment on environmental projects during the Great Depression. Established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt so Americans could work. Originally for young men ages 18–25, it was eventually expanded to ages 17–28; ended in 1942. -
21st Amendment
Repealed the 18th Amendment which was the banning of alcohol. Prohibition was a complete failure in the U.S and led to violence and the rise of organized crime. This amendment was a way to give the people back what they wanted and ended the ban on selling and transporting alcohol, as well as being intoxicated. -
Exchange Act
This act was created to provide governance of security transactions on the secondary market and regulate the exchanges and broker-dealers to protect the investing public. It's purpose was to restore investor confidence in our capital markets by providing investors and markets with promises of honest dealings. -
Social Security Act
Established a system of old-aged benefits for workers and victims of industrial accidents, unemployment insurance, aid for dependent children and mothers, the blind and physically handicapped. 83 years later, it remains one of the nation's most successful, effective, and popular programs. -
Neutrality Acts
Passed to limit the U.S involvement is future wars and because of disillusionment caused by WWI.
1) 1935. Prohibited the export of “arms, ammunition, and implements of war” from the United States to foreign nations at war.
2) 1937. U.S.citizens were forbidden from traveling on belligerent ships; American merchant ships were prevented from transporting arms to belligerents.
3)1939. Lifted the arms embargo and put all trade with belligerent nations under the terms of “cash-and-carry.” -
Wagner Act
Guaranteed basic rights of private sector employees to organize into trade unions, engage in collective bargaining for better terms and conditions at work, and take collective action including strike if necessary. The act also created the National Labor Relations Board, which conducts trade unions. Does not apply to workers who are covered by the Railway Labor Act (agricultural or domestic employees, supervisors, federal, state or local government workers, independent contractors, etc. -
Period: to
World War II
-
Operation Sealion
Germany;s code name for the plan for an invasion of the United Kingdom during the Battle of Britain in WWII. The operation was never carried out because German naval forces were never able to achieve superiority over English forces. The Royal British Navy was too great. -
Tuskegee Airmen
Trained at the Tuskegee Army Air Field in Alabama, they were the first black military aviators in the U.S. Army Air Corps (Air Force). They flew more than 15,000 individual sorties in Europe and North Africa during World War II. Their impressive performance earned them more than 150 Distinguished Flying Crosses, and helped encourage the eventual integration of the U.S. armed forces. -
Pearl Harbor
A U.S naval base near Honolulu, Hawaii, and was the scene of a surprise attack by Japanese forces, killing more than 2.300 Americans during WWII. The Japanese intentions were to destroy important American fleets to prevent the Pacific Fleet from interfering with Japanese conquest of the Dutch East Indies and Malaya. It completely destroyed the American battleship U.S.S. We declared war on Japan, dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, and joined WWII as an Allied force. -
Operation Torch
The successful British-United States invasion of French North Africa (French-held territories of Algeria and Morocco) during the North African Campaign of WWII. The operation was led by Dwight D. Eisenhower and marked the introduction of American forces into the European allies against Germans. -
Executive Order 9066
Signed and issued during World War II by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the order allowed the removal of enemy (Japanese) aliens from parts of the West identified as military areas. As a result, over 120,000 Japanese people were forced to relocate to one of ten different internment camps around the United States.
*mainly issued as a result of Pearl Harbor. -
D Day
During WWII, around 156,000 American, British, and Canadian forces landed on 5 beaches along France's Normandy region. The invasion was one of the largest amphibious military assaults in history and required extensive planning. Before D-Day, the Allies misled the Germans about the intended invasion target. Allies attacked and gained a victory that became the turning point for World War II in Europe. -
The Atomic Bomb
Powerful weapon that use nuclear reactions as their source of explosive energy developed during WWII. On this year (1945) on August 6th, an American B-29 bomber dropped the world's first atomic bomb over Hiroshima, Japanese. It wiped out 90% of the city population (80,000 immediately, the rest form radiation exposure) -
Harry S. Truman
Came into office as the 33rd President of the U.S upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt during the waning months of WWII. Truman made the decision to use the atomic bomb against Japan, helped rebuild postwar Europe, worked to contain communism and led the United States into the Korean War. He was reelected in 1848 and served two terms. -
Potsdam Conference
Held in Berlin, it was the last of the Big Three (Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and U.S. President Harry Truman) meetings during WWII. The agreement between three of the Allies of World War II, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Soviet Union concerning the military occupation and reconstruction of Germany, its borders, and the entire European Theatre of War territory.
