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The Bessemer Process
The growth of railroads during the 19th century in both Europe and America put great pressure on the iron industry, which still struggled with inefficient production processes. Steel was still unproven as a structural metal and production was slow and costly. Soon enough after, the Bessemer process was invented to speed up the system. It was a very successful invention and made millions of dollars. Although, it did have its down sides to it. The gas/ chemicals that were released were dangerous. -
Andrew Carnegie
Andrew Carnegie was an American industrialist who became very successful in the making of steel. Carnegie worked in a cotton factory before rising to the position of division superintendent of the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1859. He disposed of his great fortune by educational, cultural, scientific, and technological institutions. He who led the enormous expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century. He was also one of the most important philanthropists of his era. -
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Transforming The West
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Homestead Act
The Homestead Act opened up settlement in the western United States. Any American, including freed slaves, could receive 160 acres if land was improved for 5 years. The grants gave impoverished farmers new opportunities, however much of the land granted under the Homestead Act fell quickly into the hands of speculators. Also American agriculture led to the replacement of individual homesteads with a smaller number of much larger farms, -
Laissez-Faire
Laissez Faire is a french phrase that translates to "allow to do", this was the policy of minimum governmental interference in the economic affairs of individuals and society. The doctrine of laissez-faire is usually associated with the economists known as Physiocrats, who flourished in France from about 1756 to 1778. This policy received strong support in classical economics as it developed in Great Britain under the influence of economist and philosopher Adam Smith. -
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Becoming An Industrial Power
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Klondlike Gold Rush
The Klondlike Gold Rush was a migration made up of 100,000 prospectors in the search for gold. This can be called the Yukon Gold Rush, the Last Great Gold Rush and the Alaska Gold Rush. Gold was discovered along the Klondlike River in 1896, but due to harsh weather conditions no men pursued the journey. In the summer of 1898, around 30,000 of the 100,000 or so prospectors that set out for the Klondike actually made it there. Only 4,000 actually found gold. -
Railroads
In 1860, there were more than 30k miles of railroad in actual operation and one continuous line of rails ran from New York City, to the Mississippi River. May 10,1869,on this date the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific railroad companies joined their individuals sets of tracks to make the first Transcontinental Railroad in the United States.Railroads cut travel time by 90%,new towns and cities emerged,improved transportation in the U.S,thousands of settlers utilized the railroads to go west. -
Promontory Point, Utah
the presidents from the Union and Central pacific met at Promontory Point was the site of the dramatic completion of the first transcontinental railroad where a huge ceremony was being held. Using a silver sledgehammer, they drove the last spike into a polished California laurel tie. Promontory Point contributed to the integration of the western territories into the rest of the Union and the development of the Great Plains. -
Red River War
In the summer of 1874, the U.S Army had launched a mission for the removal of Native Americans from the Southern Plains and pushed them to be relocated to reservations in Indian Territory. In June 1874 Indians attacked about 30 buffalo hunters in their camp at Adobe Walls in northern Texas. The assault was expensive; many warriors were cut down by the hunters' longrange rifles, including one owned by Bat Masterton and the incident precipitated the Red River War. -
Killing of the Buffalo
The buffalo were hunted down and then killed by white Americans that were hired for their hides and also for "sport". By 1875, over 9 million were killed. The natives were drastically affected because they used these animals for their main food source. They used their hides for shelter and homes. They also conserved their bones to use them as tools. By the number of buffalo decreasing rapidly, the natives had no supplies for anything to survive. This caused a battle between natives & whites. -
Battle of Little Big Horn
Led by George Custer, federal troops fought against a band of Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne warriors. When tribes missed a federal deadline to move reservation, the U.S Army was sent to confront them. Custer was unaware of the number of Indians fighting under the command of Sitting Bull. Custer's forces were outnumbered and quickly overwhelmed. This battle would also be known as Custer's Last Stand. -
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The Gilded Age
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the Light bulb
The light bulb is an electric light withe a wire filament heated to such a high temperature that it glows with visible light. Thomas Edison made the first public demonstration of his incandescent light bulb on December 31, 1879, in Menlo Park. it was during this time that he said: "We will make electricity so cheap that only the rich will burn candles. This creation changed the wolrd as we know today because light was only provided by sun or light produced by candles, this was revolutionary. -
Tenements
During the 19th more people began entering into America's cities, including thousands of newly arrived immigrants seeking a better life than the one they had left behind. In New York City-where the populations doubled. Due to the increase in population and immigrants migrating to the United States of America, tenements were made. They had very little light and were crowded and poor sanitation. -
Nativism
Nativism is the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.. In the United States, greatest nativist sentiment coincided with the great waves of 19th-century European immigration on the East Coast and, to a lesser extent, with the arrival of Chinese immigrants on the West Coast. -
The Chinese Exclusion Act
The Chinese Exclusion Act was the first major law restricting immigration to the United States. Signed by President Chester A. Arthur, the law effectively stopped Chinese immigration for 10 years and prohibited Chinese from becoming US citizens. After the Gold Rush of 1849 the Chinese went to the West Coast as for economic opportunity and helped build the 1st transcontinental railroad. The law was repealed by the Magnuson Act in 1943 during World War II. -
Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show
Former scout and buffalo hunter started his own western show in the eastern U.S. Many Americans were convinced that William F. Cody's spectacle was an authentic depiction of the Wild West. People loved Cody’s reenactments of frontier events such as an attack on a Deadwood stage and a Pony Express relay race. Cody even brought the audiences real Native Americans performers from several tribes. When the show finally collapsed in 1913, Cody continued to perform in until his death. -
Pendleton Act
The Pendleton Act was a law that reformed the federal government's civil service system. It created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds. In future presidential elections, voters tended to elect the candidate who had not risen up through the spoils systems. It banned federal candidates from requiring that federal employers work on their campaigns or make financial contributions. -
The Great Upheavel of 1886
Under the leadership of Terence V. Powderly, with followers reaching 700,000 members. The Knights, however, did not attract much attention until the period of labor unrest in 1885-1886, often termed "the Great Upheaval of 1886" by labor historians. On July 16, 1877, workers in that town drove all the engines into the roundhouse and boldly declared that no train would leave until the owners restored their pay. The local townspeople gathered at the railyard to show their support for the STRIKERS. -
The Haymarket Riot
Haymarket Square riot, was an outbreak of violence in Chicago in 1886. The demand for an eight-hour working day became increasingly widespread among American laborers in the 1880's. A demonstration, largely staged by a small group of anarchists, caused a crowd of some 1,500 people to gather at Haymarket Square. The knights of labor were blamed for the incident. As a result, at least eight people died due to violence. Despite a lack of proof against them, 8 radical labor activists were convicted. -
The Dawes Severalty Act
The Dawes Severalty Act dismantled American Indian tribes. It also set up individuals as family heads with 160 acres. In reality, the Dawes Severalty Act proved a very effective tool for taking lands from Indians and giving it t white people, but the promised benefits to the Indians never materialized. The Wheeler-Howard Act ended further transfer of Indian lands to white people -
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Imperialism
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Sherman Anti Trust Act
The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was a landmark federal statute in the history of the United States antitrust law that was then passed by Congress in the year 1890 under the presidency of Benjamin Harrison.The act was passed in 1890 after widespread growth of trusts in the 1880's. Section 1 prohibits agreements in restraint of trade--such as price-fixing, refusals to deal, bid-rigging, etc. The parties involved might be competitors, customers, or a combination of the two. -
Slums
Slums are immensely crowded, unsanitary, dumbbell tenement that provided minimal ventilation. They were not very spacious. Really they were tightly packed (334k per sq. mi. NY). Families didn't make enough to live and even when people managed to leave the slums they had a tendency to remain in areas with people of their own ethnicity and religion. In crowded areas sanitation was very poor and this would lead to diseases. -
The Depression of 1893
The Depression of 1893 also goes by the name as the' Panic of 1893' was a serious economic depression in the United States that began in that year. Similar to the Panic of 1873, this panic was marked by the collapse of railroad overbuilding and shaky railroad financing which set off a series of bank failures. The National Bureau of Economic Research estimates that the economic contraction began in January 1893 and continued until June 1894. -
World's Columbian Exposition 1893
The World's Columbian Exposition was a fair that was being held in Chicago to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus' first voyage to New World where more than 200 buildings were flourished with food, art, entertainment and technological gadgets . Technological products that would soon find their way into homes nationwide, such as the dishwasher and fluorescent light bulbs, had early prototype versions on display in Chicago as well. -
Coxey's Army
In 1894, Jacob S. Coxey, faced difficult financial times as the Panic of 1893 gripped the United States. In protest of the federal government's failure to assist the American populace during this economic downturn, Coxey formed a protest march that became known as "Coxey's Army."Upon arriving in Washington, Coxey and his supporters demanded that the federal government immediately assist workers by hiring them to work on public projects such as roads and government buildings. -
Pullman Strike
The Pullman Strike was a nationwide railroad strike in the United States on May 11, 1894, and a turning point for US labor law. The strike and boycott shut down much of the nation's freight and passenger traffic west of Detroit, Michigan. The conflict began in Pullman, Chicago, on May 11 when nearly 4,000 factory employees of the Pullman Company began a wildcat strike in response to recent reductions in wages.it resulted in 30 deaths and 57 injured. Led by George Pullman and Grover Cleveland. -
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Progressive Era
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Election of 1896
The Election of 1896 was between William McKinley (Republican) and William J. Bryan (Democrat-Populist). McKinley won with 271 electoral votes while Bryan got 176 electoral votes. Economic issues including bimetallism, the gold standard, free silver, and the tariff, were crucial. The 1896 campaign, which took place during an economic depression known as the Panic of 1893, was a realigning election that ended the old Third Party System and began the Fourth Party System. -
Philippine-American War
The Philippine-American War was caused by the U.S. government's hunt for an empire and the desire of the Filipino people for freedom. After centuries as a Spanish colony, a revolution led in part broke out in the Philippine Islands. The Filipinos welcomed the US as allies in their struggle against Spain. After the Spanish had been almost completely defeated the leader declared the Philippines to be an independent country which led to the cause of the Filipino war with the US. -
U.S.S Maine Accident
A massive explosion from a flaw in the making of the battleship USS Maine in Cuba’s Havana harbor, killing 260 of the fewer than 400 American crew members aboard. Now the Spanish were being blaed because it came that they may have planted mines in the water but it wasn't until in 1976, a team of American naval investigators concluded that the Maine explosion was likely caused by a fire that ignited its ammunition stocks, not by a Spanish mine or act of sabotage. -
Spanish-America War
The Spanish–American War was a conflict fought between Spain & the United States in 1898. Hostilities began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor in Cuba, leading to U.S. intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. American acquisition of Spain's Pacific possessions led to its involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately in the Philippine–American War. -
Battle of Manilla Bay
At Manila Bay in the Philippines, the U.S. Asiatic Squadron destroys the Spanish Pacific fleet in the first battle of the Spanish-American War. The American Asiatic Squadron led by Commodore George Dewey engaged and destroyed the Spanish Pacific Squadron under Admiral Patricio Montojo.Nearly 400 Spanish sailors were killed and 10 Spanish warships wrecked/captured at the cost of only six Americans wounded. This battle was the first major engagement of the Spanish-American War. -
Rough Riders
Led by Theodore Roosevelt he resigned in 1898 to organize the Rough Riders, the first voluntary cavalry in the Spanish-American War. The U.S. was fighting against Spain over Spain's colonial policies with Cuba. Roosevelt recruited a diverse group of cowboys, miners, law enforcement officials, and Native Americans to join the Rough Riders. Then charged across a valley to assist in the seizure of San Juan Ridge, the highest point of which is San Juan Hill. -
Battle of San Juan Hill/ San Juan Heights
The Battle of San Juan Hill also known as the battle for the San Juan Heights, was a decisive battle of the Spanish–American War.This fight for the heights was the bloodiest and most famous battle of the war.It was also the location of the greatest victory for the Rough Riders, as claimed by the press and its new commander, Theodore Roosevelt, who was to eventually become first vice-president and then president, and who was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor in 2001 for his actions in Cuba. -
Open Door Policy
In 1899, John Hay passed the Open Door Policy towards China for all countries. The Open Door Policy is a term in foreign affairs used to refer to the United States policy established in the late 19th century and the early 20th century, in which the Open Door policy is a statement of principles initiated by the United States in 1899 and 1900 for the protection of equal privileges among countries trading with China and in support of Chinese territorial and administrative integrity. -
Treaty of Paris 1898
The Treaty of Paris of 1898 was an agreement that involved Spain renounce nearly all of the remaining Spanish Empire. The war officially ended when the U.S. and Spanish governments signed the Treaty of Paris. The treaty also forced Spain to cede Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States and ending the Spanish-American War. Fighting was stopped and Spain recognized Cuba`s independence. Furthermore, the U.S. occupation of the Philippines was recognized in the final arrangement of the islands. -
Trust Buster
Teddy Roosevelt was one American who believed a revolution was coming He believed WALL STREET FINANCIERS and powerful trust titans to be acting foolishly. While they were eating off fancy china on mahogany tables in marble dining rooms, the masses were roughing it. There seemed to be no limit to greed. If docking wages would increase profits, it was done. If higher railroad rates put more gold in their coffers, it was done. -
Social Darwinism
Social Darwinism is the practice of misapplying the biological evolutionary language of Charles Darwin to politics, the economy, and society. Ideas of Social Darwinism changed many aspects of the American society in the Gilded Age, including policies that affected immigration, imperialism, and public health. They believed that government should not interfere in the “survival of the fittest” by helping the poor, and promoted the idea that some races are biologically superior to others. -
The Platt Amendment
The Platt Amendment was passed as part of the 1901 Army Appropriations Bill. It demanded seven conditions for the withdrawal of United States troops remaining in Cuba at the end of the Spanish American War. The eighth condition came into place that Cuba signed a treaty accepting seven conditions.The Platt Amendment outlined the role of the U.S. in Cuba and the Caribbean too. It also permitted the US to lease or buy lands for the purpose of the establishing naval bases and stations in Cuba. -
Teddy Roosevelt
Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt born on October 27 1858 became the 26th President of the United States after the assassination of William McKinley. During his presidency he did so much in the White House and came up with the "first 100 days" which describes the first 100 days as being President, he was also a dedicated conservationist, setting aside some 200 million acres for national forests, reserves and wildlife refuges during his presidency.and the panama canal was created under his presidency. -
Teddy Bear
The idea of the teddy bear came from when Roosevelt was hunting trip in Mississippi by the Governor of Mississippi, Andrew H. Longino. They were tracking bears and they didn't have any luck until one day they came across a black bear hanging from a tree tied on a rope and one of the guys called out to Roosevelt shot and kill it but instead he refused to shoot the bear and one man got the news and asked if he can call them teddy bears and Teddy said yes and then teddy bears were created. -
Northern Securities Trust Case
The Northern Securities Case (1904), which established President Theodore Roosevelt’s reputation as a “trust buster,” reached the Supreme Court in 1904. It was the first example of Roosevelt’s use of anti-trust legislation to dismantle a monopoly, in this case a holding company controlling the principal railroad lines from Chicago to the Pacific Northwest. Using the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, the federal government did so and the Northern Securities Company sued to appeal the ruling. -
Panama Canal
The Panama Canal was built under the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt. France began work on the canal in 1881, but stopped due to engineering problems and disease. The United States took over the project in 1904 and opened the canal on August 15, 1914. The Panama Canal shortcut greatly reduced the time for ships to travel between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, enabling them to avoid the lengthy, hazardous Cape Horn route. -
Schlieffen Plan
The Schlieffen Plan was a strategy that Germany had for fighting a war on two sides. One against Russia and France. The speed of the German attack was all part of the war strategy called the Schlieffen Plan. Germany hoped to conquer France and Western Europe before the Russians could assemble their army and attack the east. This way Germany would only have to fight at war on one front at a time and it was a plan for a designated attack on France once Russia had started to mobilize. -
Meat Inspection Act
The Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1906 came due to the conditions in the meat packing industry. The act authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to inspect and condemn any meat product found unfit for human consumption. The act was also widely accredited to the revelations made in a book called "The Jungle" written by Upton Sinclair. The packing industry had become a sprawling economic business with the sharp increase in population in the United States. -
Model T
The Model T, also known as the “Tin Lizzie,” changed the way Americans live, work and travel. Henry Ford’s revolutionary advancements in assembly-line automobile manufacturing made the Model T the first car to be affordable for a majority of Americans. For the first time car ownership became a reality for average American workers, not just the wealthy. This car was so popular that more than 15 million were made and being sold to the public. This car was revolutionary. -
Carrie A. Nation
Carrie Amelia Nation as an American woman who was a radical member of the temperance movement, which opposed alcohol before the advent of Prohibition. She is particularly noteworthy for attacking alcohol-serving establishments by walking into bars and smashing up the bars with a hatchet. She would march into a bar and sing and pray while smashing bar fixtures and stock with a hatchet, she was arrested some 30 times but her jail fines from lecture-tour fees and sales of souvenir hatchets. -
Election of 1912
The United States presidential election of 1912 was fought among three major candidates. President William Howard Taft (R). Roosevelt created the Progressive Party (nicknamed the "Bull Moose Party"). It nominated Roosevelt and ran candidates for other offices in major states. Democrat Woodrow Wilson was nominated on the 46th ballot of a contentious convention,, the three-time Democratic presidential candidate who still had a large and loyal following in 1912 -
Assembly Line Process
Henry Ford installs the first moving assembly line for the mass production of an entire automobile. His innovation reduced the time it took to build a car from more than 12 hours to two hours and 30 minutes.Ford had been trying to increase his factories’ productivity for years. The workers who built his Model N cars arranged the parts in a row on the floor, put the under-construction auto on skids and dragged it down the line as they worked. This made making a car much more faster. -
Neutral Powers
Argentina, Chile, Denmark, The Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Venezuela, Sweden and Switzerland. Only these countries were neutral during the Great War 1914-1918. The rest of the world conducted war with each other.When the war broke out more than one million Belgian refugees fled to Holland. Thousands of soldiers, from both sides, followed them. They crossed the border because the enemy had them encircled, like it happened to 2,000 British marines at Antwerp. -
British blockade of Germany
The Blockade of Germany occurred from 1914 to 1919. It was a prolonged naval operation conducted by the Allied Powers during and after World War in an effort to restrict the maritime supply of goods to the Central Powers, which included Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. It is considered one of the key elements in the eventual Allied victory in the war. It took place in the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. -
U- Boats
Germany was the first country to employ submarines in war as substitutes for surface commerce raiders. At the outset of World War I, German U-boats, though numbering only 38, achieved notable successes against British warships. The U-boat campaign then became a race between German sinkings of merchant ships and the building of ships. In April 1917, 430 Allied and neutral ships totaling 852,000 tons were sunk, and it seemed likely that the German gamble would succeed. -
Margaret Sanger
She was born on September 14, 1879, in Coring, New York. In 1912, Sanger started to educate women women about sex. She was a nurse in the Lower East Side, she dealt with women who had abortions or self terminate their pregnancies. Due to this Sanger created birth control. In 1914, 'The Woman Rebel', which promoted a woman's right to have birth control. The monthly magazine landed her in trouble, as it was illegal to send out information on contraception through the mail. -
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World War I
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Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
On June 28, 1914, then, Franz Ferdinand and Sophie were touring Sarajevo in an open car, with surprisingly little security, when Serbian nationalist Nedjelko Cabrinovic threw a bomb at their car; it rolled off the back of the vehicle and wounded an officer and some bystanders. Cabrinovic’s cohorts, 19-year-old Gavrilo Princip saw his opportunity, Princip fired into the car, shooting Franz Ferdinand and Sophie were both wounded and died within the hour. -
The Central Powers
In World War I, the central powers were Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire. Archduke Ferdinand, of Austria-Hungary, was assassinated by a Serb on June 28, 1914. This was the formal start of the war, although the countries had problems with each other before that. The countries of Britain, France and Germany had all grown strong and had large armies. Europe was divided into two groups who were hostile to each other. -
Allied Powers
During World War I, the Allied Powers (Entente Powers) were France, Russia and Great Britain. On 23 May 1915, Italy entered the war on the Entente side and declared war on Austria; previously, Italy had been a member of the Triple Alliance but had remained neutral since the beginning of the conflict. In 1916, Montenegro capitulated and left the Entente, and two nations joined, Portugal and Romania. -
RMS Lusitania
The RMS Lusitania sunk on May 7, 1915 during the first World War from a German submarine that took place in North Atlantic Ocean that resulted in 1,198 killed out of 1,959 passengers. The massive ship sank within 18 minutes and due to the sinking of the ship it turned many countries against Germany. Several attempts have been made over the years since the sinking to dive to the wreck seeking information about precisely how the ship sank, and argument continues to the present day. -
National Park System
The National Park Service (NPS) is an agency of the United States federal government that manages all national parks, many national monuments, and other conservation and historical properties with various title designations. It was created on August 25, 1916, by Congress through the National Park Service, it charged with a dual role of preserving the ecological and historical integrity of the places. -
Zimmerman Telegram
The Zimmerman Telegram was from Arthur Zimmerman who had sent a secret diplomatic communication issued from the German Foreign office sent by Germany to Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with the U.S. British code breakers intercepted the message. In the message Germany was proposing a military alliance with Mexico against the US. The obvious threats to the United States contained in the telegram inflamed American public opinion against Germany. -
First Red Scare
The First Red Scare occurred in the years of 1919 to 1920. At this time immigration restrictions were put into place, fear of communism was strolling through people's mind, at this time World War I was going which made Americans fearful because Germans were also in the United States. The overt patriotism coming out of World War I, as evidenced by anti-German sentiment in Ohio, helped to fuel the Red Scare. -
18th Amendment
The 18th Amendment called for the banning of the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcoholic beverages. Known as national Prohibition, the Eighteenth Amendment banned “intoxicating liquors” with the exception of those used for religious rites. It is important to note that the 18th Amendment did not prohibit the consumption of alcohol, but rather simply the sale, manufacture, and transportation of alcoholic beverages. The concept of Prohibition had already been implemented by many states. -
Alcohol
The ratification of the 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution–which banned the manufacture, transportation and sale of intoxicating liquors–ushered in a period in American history known as Prohibition. The result of a widespread temperance movement during the first decade of the 20th century, Prohibition was difficult to enforce, despite the passage of companion legislation known as the Volstead Act. The increase of the illegal production and sale of liquor known as “bootlegging”. -
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The 1920's (The Roaring Twenties)
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Hospitality Industry
The Hospitality Industry was the creation of cottages,motels, signs & billboards and restaurants & gas stations. Due to the creation of roads when people would drive in their affordable Model T cars, there would be bill boards or signs addressing stops like restaurants and places to stay such as motels and cottages, this is known as advertisement. This would increase the rates of people wanting to go places. -
Enforcement
During the 1920's the law enforcement would raid neighborhoods and getting rid of any wine, beer, and any other alcohol related beverages and hoped that society would become more law- abiding. At this time police were getting bashed on from criminals and it was a hard time for them and they would also have to deal with large amounts of drunks, moonshiners, and bootleggers. -
Immigration Act of 1924
On May 26, President Calvin Coolidge signed the Immigration Act of 1924 that was known to be the most stringent U.S immigration policy up to that time in the nation's history. The Russian Revolution was the main catalyst. At this time anarchists( people who don't believe in government) had set bombs off on Wall Street. Innocent people were deported unless they had college education and/or special skills, but however Mexicans didn't have that privilege. -
Harlem Renaissance
The Harlem Renaissance was where photographers, musicians, and writers emerged from the dark. Lasting roughly from the 1910s through the mid-1930s, the period is considered a golden age in African American culture, manifesting in literature, music, stage performance and art. People like Langston Hughes and Louis Armstrong flourished during this time. The era of Jazz also took place that improved lives with music, they would have jazz bands at clubs, which was a good time. -
Scopes Monkey Trial
Scopes Trial also known as the Monkey Trial was held in Dayton, Tennessee on July 10, 1925. The case was held in court with John Thomas Scopes who was a high school science teacher accused of teaching students about evolution. There was a law in March that was passed that prohibited this type of theories to be taught. Clarence Darrow agreed to join the ACLU in the defense, and the stage was set for one of the most famous trials in U.S. history. Eventually Scopes was found guilty. -
Charles Lindbergh
Charles A. Lindbergh was an American aviator who was the first man to successfully fly across the Atlantic Ocean in an airplane. His plane was called "Spirit of St. Louis". He flew non stop from New York City to Paris in May 1927 that was a 33.5 hour flight with a distance of 3,610 miles. He had no radio with him just a few supplies for the trip and he also was a fighter pilot in World War II. His son was also murdered by kidnappers. -
Depression hits Germany
The United States wasn't the only place suffering from the depression because it spread worldwide that eventually reached Germany that made Hitlers radical ideas take hold. This caused the Nazi party membership to soars to millions that then made Hitler Chancellor and burns down Reichstag so he was given emergency power. In 1934, Hitler becomes Fuhrer (leader) and establishes a Third Reich. -
Herbert Hoover
In the beginning of the Depression that took place in 1929, Herbert Hoover was elected president in 1928. He was orphaned as a child and a poor public speaker. Hoover dedicated his talents to humanitarian work. He helped 120,000 stranded American tourists return home from Europe when the hostilities broke out, and coordinated the delivery of food and supplies to citizens of Belgium after that country was overrun by Germany. Eventually in 1932, Hoover lost to Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt. -
Period: to
The Great Depession
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St. Valentines Day Massacre
Al Capone sought to consolidate control by eliminating his rivals in the illegal trades of bootlegging, gambling and prostitution. This rash of gang violence reached its bloody climax in a garage on the city’s North Side on February 14, 1929, when seven men associated with the Irish gangster George “Bugs” Moran, one of Capone’s longtime enemies, were shot to death by several men dressed as policemen. The St. Valentine’s Day Massacre, as it was known, was never officially linked to Capone. -
The Stock Market Crash of 1929
The Stock Market Crash of 1929 happened in the month of October, it can also be called Black Tuesday. There were 10 days of plummeting stocks and so investors had sold of stocks and billions of dollars were lost, wiping out thousands of investors. Thousands of people ran up on banks demanding their money back. After October 29, 1929, stock prices had nowhere to go but up, so there was considerable recovery during succeeding weeks. Overall, however, prices continued to drop as the United States. -
Origins of the Crash
During this time period, overproduction of goods was present such as factories and farms were producing more goods than the people can afford to buy and due to this prices began to fall, factories would close and workers were laid off. As for farmers they also had fell apart and since they couldn't sell their products then farmers could not pay off bank loans and this resulted of them losing their farms due to foreclosure. Unequal income distribution also followed. -
Hoovers Response
The Great Depression was over 10 years of crisis and that was the longest in American history. So the Government had to act fast so in this case the government lends money to hopefully end this tragedy. This led to an economic debate that involved the President and Laissez Faire in which Americans collaborated to end the crisis in adjusting business projects & jobs for example, shorter hours and no strikes, but however they did raise tariffs. -
The Dust Bowl
The Dust Bowl was caused by changes in regional weather, farm economics and other cultural factors. Topsoil was blown away by drought and also poor farming. It hit worst in the Southern Plains. It was so horribel that people barricaded themselves in their homes to escape the dreadful dust storm. Not only did it destroy many fields, it also killed off millions upon millions of cattle due to suffocation. So the gov. payed farmers to plant replenish soil and also planted 280 million trees. -
Hoovervilles
Hoovervilles were small neighborhoods made up of small tents that they called "hoover tents" which were made up of any resources that they could find like card boards to be their homes like they can be described as shantytowns. There was 20% unemployment at this time. They even had flags known as "Hoover flags", which was a symbol of being broke or having no money. -
Emergency Relief Act 1932
The Emergency Relief Act of 1932 was an act to relieve destitution, to broaden the lending powers of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, and to create employment by providing for and expediting a public- works program. The Act was designed to be a temporary means of providing employment and all the positions created in the navy yard to service the projects were therefore classified as temporary. Also in 1932, the Federal Home Loan Bank Board was established to make advances on security homes -
Election of 1932
The Election of 1932 had candidate Franklin D. Roosevelt who was a democratic and Herbert Hoover running a second term who was a republican. Now President Hoover was not liked by many people so this resulted in majority of the people to go for his opposing runner Franklin D. Roosevelt who won with electoral votes of 472, while Herbert Hoover had electoral votes of 59. -
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler was the leader of Germany's Nazi Party that was the most powerful army of the 20th century. Hitler capitalized on economic woes, popular discontent and political infighting to take absolute power in Germany beginning in 1933. Germany’s invasion of Poland in 1939 led to the outbreak of World War II, and by 1941 Nazi forces had occupied much of Europe. He also spent 9 years in prison where he wrote a book "Mein Kampf" which can be translated to My Struggle. -
20th Amendment
The 20th Amendment was an amendment that changed term dates for both the President and Congress, so instead of the usual President inauguration in January it would now be in March. For the President and Vice President, the terms would end on January 20th and the Senators or Representatives terms would on January 3rd. the amendment was ratified on January 23, 1933 -
Glass- Stegall Act
(The Glass-Stegall Act effectively had separated commercial banking from investment banking in which the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (F.D.I.C) that the government insured small accounts that no speculative loans, stock purchases with deposited money. This was one of the most widely debated legislative initiatives before being signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in June 1933. -
21st Amendment
The 21st Amendment is the amendment that repeals the 18th amendment, which was the prohibition of alcohol in other words alcohol before the 21st amendment was put into place was illegal. The 21st amendment was the very first amendment to ever ratify another amendment. It was first proposed on February 20, 1933, but wasn't passed until December 5, 1933. With this amendment it made alcohol legal again. -
Father Charles Coughlin
Charles Edward Coughlin was an Irish Catholic priest which made him Father Coughlin and he was one of the first political leaders to use radio to reach an audience of 30-40 millions listeners every week. He was very against Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal. Coughlin blamed Wall Street and international bankers for the depression and he also hated the gold standard. -
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is a U.S Government agency to protect investors from dangerous and/or illegal financial practices or fraud. This had reformed buying and selling of stocks that eventually disclosed financial details to investors that later on regulated of stocks on short-term loans. -
Assassination of Huey Long
Huey Long was the governor of Louisana and also he was a U.S senate. In Baton Rouge, Louisiana on September 8, 1935 he was shot by Pavy's son-in-law, Dr. Carl Weiss in the abdomen at this point the bodyguards immediately opened fire that then killed Weiss instantly. As for Long he was rushed to the emergency room where doctors fought to save his life but it was useless because the internal bleeding was so bad, in two days Huey Long was declared dead on September 10, 1935, two days after the shot -
Huey Long "The King Fish"
Huey Long was the governor of Louisiana and later on became a U.S Senator in 1935. He had launched his own national political organization. He was a socialist, politically ambitious and he supported the New Deal. He also believed in the redistribution of wealth but in the end no one makes over $1 million so he guaranteed income that gave veterans benefits, he also provided educational support and shorter working days. His famous saying was" Make every man a king." -
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World War II
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Invasion of Poland
From September 1, 1939 to October 6, 1939, Hitler invaded Poland with an army of soldiers, tanks, planes, and infantry that had Poland surrounded. In no time Britain and France had declared war on Germany and this is when World War II begins. in result of this, Hitler attacks Denmark and Norway. He then rolls through Belgium, Holland, and Luxemburg that eventually shattered France defense lines. -
The Battle Of Britain
The Battle of Britain was when Germans were bombing Britain in July 1940 to June 1941. The Blitz was a German bombing offensive against Britain in 1940 and 1941, during the Second World War. Hitler wanted peace but did not get it that resulted in bombing major cities. However the German Luftwaffe (German air force) will fail and because of this Operation Sea Lion never materializes. -
Dunkirk
Dunkirk is where the Allied Forces had to evacuate over 300k soldiers which called for hundreds upon hundreds of fishing boats, yachts, lifeboats, ferries and any other civilian boats to aboard soldiers eben hough boats did have to go through obsticles such as mines, bombs, torpedoes and any other airborne attacks of the German Luftwaffe. -
Operation Barbarossa
Adolf Hitler sent three great army groups with over three million German soldiers, 150 divisions, and three thousand tanks across the frontier into Soviet territory. The invasion covered a front from the North Cape to the Black Sea. Barbarossa was the crucial turning point in World War II, for its failure forced Nazi Germany to fight a two-front war against a coalition possessing immensely superior resources such as oil and land., their tactic was Blitzkreig. -
Pearl Harbor
On December 7, 1941 the Pearl Harbor that is located in Hawaii was surprised attacked by Japanese forces, which resulted in 20 American battleships being destroyed along with 300 planes and supplies. More than 2,400 Americans were killed during this attack along with civilians. In result, President Franklin D. Roosevelt asked congress to declare war on Japan. -
The Holocaust
The Holocaust was mainly done in concentration camps which is where Germans held Jews captive as prisoners because the Germans hated Jews. They would kill 6 million Jews whether it was with gas or just shooting. After years of Nazi rule in Germany, during which Jews were consistently persecuted the Holocaust came to fruition under the cover of world war, with mass killing centers constructed in the concentration camps of occupied Poland.
